单选题

Passage One

Scholastic thinkers held a wide variety of doctrines in both philosophy and theology, the study of religion. What gives unity to the whole Scholastic movement, the academic practice in Europe from the 9th to the 17th centuries, are the common aims, attitudes, and methods generally accepted by all its members. The chief concern of the Scholastics was not to discover new facts but to integrate the knowledge already acquired separately by Greek reasoning and Christian revelation. This concern is one of the most characteristic differences between Scholasticism and modern thought since the Renaissance.
The basic aim of the Scholastics determined certain common attitudes, the most important of which was their conviction of the fundamental harmony between reason and revelation. The Scholastics maintained that because the same God was the source of both types of knowledge and truth was one of his chief attributes, he could not contradict himself in these two ways of speaking. Any apparent opposition between revelation and reason could be traced either to an incorrect use of reason or to an inaccurate interpretation of the words of revelation. Because the Scholastics believed that revelation was the direct teaching of God, it possessed for them a higher degree of truth and certainty than did natural reason. In apparent conflicts between religious faith and philosophic reasoning, faith was thus always the supreme arbiter, the theologians' decision overruled that of the philosopher. After the early 13th century, Scholastic thought emphasized more the independence of philosophy within its own domain. Nonetheless, throughout the Scholastic period, philosophy was called the servant of theology, not only because the truth of philosophy was subordinated to that of theology, but also because the theologian used philosophy to understand and explain revelation.
This attitude of Scholasticism stands in sharp contrast to the so-called double-truth theory of the Spanish-Arab philosopher and physician Averroes. His theory assumed that truth was accessible to both philosophy and Islamic theology but that only philosophy could attain it perfectly. The so-called truths of theology served, hence, as imperfect imaginative expressions for the common people of the authentic truth accessible only to philosophy. Averroes maintained that philosophic truth could even contradict, at least verbally, the teachings of Islamic theology.
As a result of their belief in the harmony between faith and reason, the Scholastics attempted to determine the precise scope and competence of each of these faculties. Many early Scholastics, such as the Italian ecclesiastic and philosopher St. Anselm, did not clearly distinguish the two and were overconfident that reason could prove certain doctrines of revelation. Later, at the height of the mature period of Scholasticism, the Italian theologian and philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas worked out a balance between reason and revelation.

单选题 With the Scholastics, the search for new knowledge ______.
A. stopped completely B. slowed down
C. advanced rapidly D. awaked gradually

单选题 Which of the following best illustrates the relation between reason and revelation?
A. They are simply identical.
B. Revelation guides reason.
C. They are occasionally contradictory.
D. Reason is used to perfect revelation.

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】这是一道细节题。文章第二段指出：经院哲学家认为，启示是上帝的直接教诲，因此，对于他们来说，启示比普通的推理具有更高的真实性和确定性；在宗教信仰和哲学推理之间的表面冲突中，信仰总是终极裁决者；神学家的决断否定了哲学家的决断。这说明，启示主导推理。B说“启示引导推理”，与文章的意思符合。文中没有提到A。与C有关的信息是该段的第二、三句话，文中是说“由于同一个上帝是这两种知识的提供者，并且真实是其主要的特征，所以上帝不可能在这两种表达方式上自相矛盾；启示和推理之间的任何表面对抗都可以归结为对推理的错误运用，或者归结为对启示话语的错误解释”，说明C不对。与D有关的信息是该段的最后一句话，文中是说“哲学被称作神学的追随者，这不仅是因为哲学原理从属于神学原理，还因为神学家利用哲学理解和解释启示”，说明D不对。

单选题 It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that ______.
A. the position of philosophy as a humble servant was accepted
B. religion had turned into a hamper to the functioning of philosophy
C. philosophers often quoted revelation to support themselves
D. philosophers were sometimes referred to in religious practice

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】这是一道推论题。文章第二段指出：经院哲学家的基本目标决定了他们的某些共同看法，其中最重要一点就是他们确信，推理和启示之间存在着根本的和谐；在宗教信仰和哲学推理之间的表面冲突中，信仰总是终极裁决者；神学家的决断否定了哲学家的决断；在整个经院哲学时期，哲学被称作神学的追随者，这不仅是因为哲学原理从属于神学原理，还因为神学家利用哲学理解和解释启示。由此可知，哲学家也参与宗教实践活动。D说“哲学家有时也从事宗教实践”，这与文章的意思符合。与A有关的信息是该段的倒数第二句话，文中是说“13世纪早期之后，经院派思想更强调哲学在其领域内的独立性”，说明哲学的追随者地位并没有被接受，所以A不对。文中没有提到B。与C有关的信息是该段的最后一句话，文中是说“这不仅是因为哲学原理从属于神学原理，还因为神学家利用哲学理解和解释启示”，说明C不对。

单选题 According to the passage, Averroes held that ______.
A. Islamic theology was often subordinate to philosophy
B. religious truth was nothing but imaginative fantasy
C. real truth was inaccessible to many common people
D. imperfect expressions were result of flawed religion

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】这是一道细节题。题干中的信号词是Averroes，出自于第三段第一句话中。文章第三段指出：阿威罗伊的理论认为，对于哲学和伊斯兰神学来说，真理都是可以获得的，但是，只有哲学可以完全获得它；对于普通人来说，所谓的神学真理充当的是对可信真理的一种不完美的想象表达，这种可信的真理只有哲学才能获得。这说明，阿威罗伊认为，普通人难以获得真理。C说“对于许多普通人来说，真正的真理是无法得到的”，这与阿威罗伊的观点符合。与A有关的信息是该段的最后一句话，文中是说“哲学真理甚至可能同伊斯兰神学的教诲相矛盾”，说明A不对；文中没有提到B；与D有关的信息是该段的第三句话，文中是说“所谓的神学真理充当的是对可信真理的一种不完美的想象表达”，并不是说不完美的表达是宗教造成的，所以D不对。

单选题 Which of the following is most likely to be discussed in the part succeeding the passage?
A. Relations of St. T. Aquinas' achievements to previous efforts.
B. How St. T. Aquinas worked out in the balance in discussion.
C. Other endeavors on the relationship of reason and revelation.
D. Outstanding features of the mature period of Scholasticism.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】这是一道推论题。文章最后一段指出：由于他们相信信仰和推理是和谐的，所以经院哲学家企图确定它们各自的准确范围和能力；许多早期的经院哲学家并没有清楚地区分这两者；后来，在经院哲学成熟的鼎盛时期，圣·托马斯·阿奎奈在推理和启示之间找到了一种平衡。由此可知，随后的段落应该是探讨人们为弄清推理和启示之间的关系所作出的其他努力。C说“有关推理和启示之间的关系所作的其他努力”，这与文章的意思符合。圣·托马斯·阿奎奈只是经院哲学的一个代表，不可能对他的个人成就作太详尽的论述，所以A和B不对；D明显与最后一段的内容不符。