单选题 Gene therapy and gene-based drugs are two ways we could benefit from our growing mastery of genetic science. But there will be others as well. Here is one of the remarkable therapies on the cutting edge of genetic research that could make their way into mainstream medicine in the coming years.
While it's true that just about every cell in the body has the instructions to make a complete human, most of those instructions are inactivated, and with good reason: the last thing you want for your brain cells is to start churning out stomach acid or your nose to turn into a kidney. The only time cells truly have the potential to turn into any and all body parts is very early in a pregnancy, when so-called stem cells haven't begun to specialize.
Yet this untapped potential could be a terrific boon to medicine. Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells--brain cells in Alzheimer's, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreatic cells in diabetes, to name a few. If doctors could isolate stem cells, then direct their growth, they might be able to furnish patients with healthy replacement tissue.
It was incredibly difficult, but last fall scientists at the University of Wisconsin managed to isolate stem cells and get them to grow into neural, gut, muscle and bone cells. The process still can't be controlled, and may have unforeseen limitations. But if efforts to understand and master stem-cell development prove successful, doctors will have a therapeutic tool of incredible power.
The same applies to cloning, which is really just the other side of the coin; true cloning, as first shown with the sheep Dolly two years ago, involves taking a developed cell and reactivating the genome within, resetting its developmental instructions to a pristine state. Once that happens, the rejuvenated cell can develop into a full-fledged animal, genetically identical to its parent.
For agriculture, in which purely physical characteristics like milk production in a cow or low fat in a hog have real market value, biological carbon copies could become routine within a few years. This past year scientists have done for mice and cows what Ian Wilmot did for Dolly, and other creatures are bound to join the cloned menagerie in the coming year.
Human cloning, on the other hand, may be technically feasible but legally and emotionally more difficult. Still, one day it will happen. The ability to reset body cells to a pristine, undeveloped state could give doctors exactly the same advantages they would get from stem cells: the potential to make healthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus to cure disease. That could prove to be a true "miracle cure."
单选题 The author believes in the passage that ______.
  • A. there will inevitably be human cloning in the coming year
  • B. the potential to make healthy body tissues is undoubtedly a boon to human beings
  • C. it is illegal to clone any kind of creatures in the world
  • D. it is legal to clone any kind of creatures in the world except human
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】这是一道细节题。文章第三段指出:对于医学来说,这种未被利用的潜能也许是一种极大的恩赐:大多数疾病与健康细胞的死亡有关,如果医生能够分离出主干细胞,然后令这些细胞发育,那么他们就可以为病人提供健康的移植器官。这说明:作者认为,对于医学来说,为病人提供健康的移置器官可能是一种福利。B说“对于人类来说,培育健康人体器官的能力无疑是一种福利”,这与作者的观点相符。文中提到human cloning时是说“克隆人可能在技术上可行,但是在法律和情感上却更加艰难;总有一天会克隆出人的”,并没有说明近年会出现克隆人,所以A不对;文中并没有提到非法之事,只是说“克隆人可能在技术上可行,但是在法律和情感方面却难以接受”,没有说克隆人是违法的,也没有说克隆任何生物是否违法,所以C和D也不对。
单选题 Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
  • A. Nearly every cell in the human brain has the instructions to make a complete human.
  • B. It is impossible for a cell in your nose to turn into a kidney.
  • C. It is possible to turn out healthy replacement tissues with isolated stem cells.
  • D. There will certainly appear some new kind of cloned animal in the near future.
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】这是一道细节题。文章第二段第一句话指出:人体内的几乎每个细胞都具有发育成一个完整人体的指令,这说明A正确。文章最后一段第三句话指出:把身体细胞重新调整到原始的、未发育的状态的能力有可能培育出各种各样健康的人体器官,从而利用这些器官治病,这说明C正确。文章第六段最后一句话指出:去年,科学家克隆出了老鼠和奶牛,明年,其他的动物肯定会加入克隆的动物行列,这说明D也正确。文章第二段第一句话指出:虽然人体内的几乎每个细胞都具有发育成一个完整人体的指令,这是事实,但是,大多数指令并不活跃,这有适宜的理由——你最不希望的事情就是你的脑细胞开始分泌胃酸,或是你的鼻子发育成肾脏。并没有说你鼻子中的细胞不可能发育成为肾脏,所以B与文章的意思不符。
单选题 All of the following are steps involved in true cloning EXCEPT ______.
  • A. selecting a stem cell
  • B. taking a developed cell
  • C. reactivating the genome within the developed cell
  • D. resetting the developmental instructions in the cell to its original state
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】这是一道细节题。题干中的信号词为true cloning,出自于文章第五段第二句话。文章第五段第二句话指出:真正的克隆包括提取一个发育的细胞、重新激活胞里面的基因组、重新设置它的发育指令使其恢复到原始状态。这说明,B、C和D都是真正的克隆包含的内容。只有A文中没有提到。
单选题 The word "rejuvenated" (Paragraph 5) most probably means ______.
  • A. rescued
  • B. reactivated
  • C. recalled
  • D. regulated
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】这是一道词义题。题干中的信号词出自于文章第五段第三句话。文章第五段第二、三句话指出:就像两年前克隆羊“多利”首次所展示的那样,真正的克隆包括提取一个发育的细胞、重新激活细胞里面的基因组、重新设置它的发育指令使其恢复到原始状态;一旦发生了这些事情,恢复活力的细胞就会发育成一个成熟的动物。这说明:该单词的意思应该是“恢复活力的”。B “恢复活力的”,与文章的意思相符。A、C和D都与文章的意思不符。
单选题 The proper title for this passage should be ______.
  • A. Tomorrow's Tissue Factory
  • B. A Terrific Boon to Medicine
  • C. Human Cloning
  • D. Genetic Research
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】这是一道主旨题。文章第一段指出:未来几年,基因治疗和以基因为基础的药物会发展成为主流医学。随后三段说明了细胞发育问题以及利用的前景。第五、六段谈到了克隆技术。最后一段指出:把身体细胞重新调整到原始的、未发育的状态的能力有可能培育出各种各样健康的人体器官,从而利用这些器官治病。这说明,本文主要讲的是培育健康器官用于置换的问题。A“未来的器官工厂”,可以表达文章的主题。B、C和D都只是文章部分段落的内容,不能表达文章的中心意思。