单选题 Questions 4—5 are based on the following:
Any person who drops out of high school will be unemployed unless he or she finds a low-paying job or has relatives with good business connections.
单选题 Which one of the following conclusions CANNOT be validly drawn from the statement above?
  • A. Any person who drops out of high school, will be unemployed, have a low-paying job, or have relatives with good business connections.
  • B. Any high school dropout who has neither a low-paying job nor relatives with good business connections will be unemployed.
  • C. Any employed person who has neither a low-paying job nor relatives with good business connections is not a high school dropout.
  • D. Any high school dropout who has a job that is not lowpaying must have relatives with good business connections.
  • E. Any person who has relatives with good business connections and who is not a high school dropout must be employed at a job that is not low-paying.
【正确答案】 E
【答案解析】[解析] 本题推理为：高中退学者就业→“低薪水工作”+“有良好商业的关系”，请注意B→A1+A2类的思维。
单选题 Assume that Tom is employed and does not have a lowpaying job. Which one of the following statements, when added to this assumption, contradicts the original statement made in the statement above?
  • A. Tom is a high school dropout.
  • B. Tom does not have relatives with good business connections.
  • C. Tom is a high school dropout and does not have any relatives.
  • D. Tom completed high school and has relatives with good business connections.
  • E. Tom has relatives with good business connections.
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】[解析] 本题推理为：高中退学者就业→“低薪水工作”+“有良好商业的关系”，请注意B→A1+A2类的思维。
单选题 Geographers and historians have traditionally held the view that Antarctica was first sighted around 1820, but some sixteenth-century European maps show a body that resembles the polar landmass, even though explorers of the period never saw it. Some scholars, therefore, argue that the continent must have been discovered and mapped by the ancients, whose maps are known to have served as models for the European cartographers.
Which of the following, if true, is most damaging to the inference drawn by the scholars?
  • A. The question of who first sighted Antarctica in modern times is still much debated, and no one has been able to present conclusive evidence.
  • B. Between 3,000 and 9,000 years ago, the world was warmer than it is now, and the polar landmass was presumably smaller.
  • C. There are only a few sixteenth-century global maps that show a continental landmass at the South Pole.
  • D. Most attributions of surprising accomplishments to ancient civilizations or even extraterrestrials are eventually discredited or rejected as preposterous.
  • E. Ancient philosophers believed that there had to be a large landmass at the South Pole to balance the northern continents and make the world symmetrical.
【正确答案】 E
【答案解析】
单选题 REVENUE FOR STORE X DURING WEEK 1
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】[解析] 从条形图中可以看出鸡蛋的收入为200美元，占奶制品销售收入的百分比为： [*] 再根据饼图可知，奶制品占商店X销售总收入的25%，所以鸡蛋占销售总收入的百分比为：20%×25%=5%。
单选题 Bracken, a poisonous weed, is spreading and damaging much pastureland in the Northern Hemisphere. One potentially inexpensive and self-sustaining countermeasure is to introduce natural enemies of the plant; therefore, some scientists have proposed to control bracken by a release of brackeneating moths native to the Southern Hemisphere into brackeninfested areas in the Northern Hemisphere.
If the scientists' proposal for controlling bracken is adopted, which of the following is a necessary condition for its success?
  • A. That bracken in the Northern Hemisphere grows in approximately the same climates and soil conditions in which it grows in the Southern Hemisphere.
  • B. That the released moths will feed on weeds other than bracken that are native to the Northern Hemisphere.
  • C. That the livestock that will return to pastures now lost to bracken will develop immunities to the diseases caused by bracken.
  • D. That the released moths will survive in sufficient numbers to build a population large enough to reduce bracken and retard its growth.
  • E. That traditional methods of control, such as burning, cutting, and chemical spraying, will not become less expensive or labor-intensive than they are now.
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】
单选题 If this parking policy is unpopular with the faculty, then we should modify it. If it is unpopular among students, we should adopt a new policy. And, it is bound to be unpopular either with the faculty or among students.
If the statements above are true, which one of the following must alto be tree?
  • A. We should attempt to popularize this parking policy among either the faculty or students.
  • B. We should modify this parking policy only if this will not reduce its popularity among students.
  • C. We should modify this parking policy if modification will not reduce its popularity with the faculty.
  • D. If this parking policy is popular among students, then we should adopt a new policy.
  • E. If this parking policy is popular with the faculty, then we should adopt a new policy.
【正确答案】 E
【答案解析】[解析] 本题的(E)选项是正确答案，推理如下：如果这项政策受教职工们欢迎，那么它就不受学生们欢迎。如果这项政策不受学生们欢迎，那么我们就要采用一个新的政策，由A→B，B→C可得出A→C，即如果这项政策受教职工们的欢迎，那么我们就应当采用一项新政策。(D)的推理是错误的；(A)、(B)和(C)都不能从短文的论述中推出。
单选题
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】[解析] 根据题目中所述及的运算法则可得： x-4=z，8-z=t 因此不管是已知x的值，还是已知t的值都可求出一个z值，所以(1)和(2)中的每一个都是求出x值的充分条件。
单选题 If Mark saved an average (arithmetic mean) of $80 per week for 3 consecutive weeks, how much did he save the second week?
(1)The average amount that Mark saved per week for the first 2 weeks was $60.
(2)The amount that Mark saved the first week was the amount he saved the second week and
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】[解析] (1)中指Mark在前两周中平均每周存60美元，但无法确定第一、二周分别存多少钱；(2)中指出第一周存的钱等于第二周存的钱的[*]，等于第三周存的钱的[*]，设第一周存的钱为x，由题意可得到下面的式子： [*] 也即Mark第二周存了$80。
单选题 Houses built during the last ten years have been found to contain indoor air pollution at levels that are, on average, much higher than the levels found in older houses. The reason air-pollution levels are higher in the newer houses is that many such houses are built near the sites of old waste dumps or where automobile emissions are heavy.
Which of the following, if true, calls into question the explanation above?
  • A. Many new houses are built with air-filtration systems that remove from the house pollutants that are generated indoors.
  • B. The easing of standards for smokestack emissions has led to an increase in air-pollution levels in homes.
  • C. New houses built in secluded rural areas are relatively free of air pollutants.
  • D. Warm-weather conditions tend to slow down the movement of air, thus keeping pollution trapped near its source.
  • E. Pressboard, an inexpensive new plywood substitute now often used in the construction of houses, emits the pollutant formaldehyde into the house.
【正确答案】 E
【答案解析】
单选题 Our words are meaningless and cannot be distinguished from their opposites, as can be proved by an example. People think that they know the difference between the meanings of "bald" and "having hair." Suppose an average person twentyone years of age has N hairs on his or her head. We say that that person is not bald but has hair. But surely one hair less would make no difference, and a person with N-1 hairs on his or her head would be said to have hair. Suppose we kept on, with one hair less each time. The result would be the same. But what would be the difference between someone who had one hair and someone who had none? We call them both bald. Nowhere can we make a distinction between "bald" and "having hair."
Which of the following statements best counters the argument above?
  • A. The word "bald" can be translated into other languages.
  • B. A word can have more than one meaning.
  • C. A word such as "cat" can be applied to several animals that differ in some respects.
  • D. Words can lack precision without being meaningless.
  • E. People cannot think clearly without using words.
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】[解析] 段落第一句话是个结论，而后面的几句话是对结论的进一步论证，因此读题重点在第一句话。如果“词汇可以缺乏准确但不至于无意义”，如(D)所说，那么将与段落第一句话“词汇是无意义的并且无法与其反义词区分开来”相违背。因此(D)为正确答案。(A)、(B)、(C)、(E)对推理不能起到任何作用，没有一个像正确答案但又绝对不是正确答案的选项。其实ETS命题人员也经常陷入这样一种尴尬的局面，有时设计出了一个正确答案，但怎么也设计不出一个迷惑答案。
单选题 Fares on the city-run public buses in Greenville are subsidized by city tax revenues, but among the beneficiaries of the low fares are many people who commute from outside the city to jobs in Greenville. Some city councilors argue that city taxes should be used primarily to benefit the people who pay them, and therefore that bus fares should be raised enough to cover the cost of the service.
Each of the following, if true, would weaken the argument advanced by the city councillors EXCEPT:
  • A. Many businesses whose presence in the city is beneficial to the city's taxpayers would relocate outside the city if public-transit fares were more expensive.
  • B. By providing commuters with economic incentives to drive to work, higher transit fares would worsen air pollution in Greenville and increase the cost of maintaining the city's streets.
  • C. Increasing transit fares would disadvantage those residents of the city whose low incomes make them exempt from city taxes, and all city councillors agree that these residents should be able to take advantage of city-run services.
  • D. Voters in the city, many of whom benefit from the low transit fares, are strongly opposed to increasing local taxes.
  • E. People who work in Greenville and earn wages above the nationally mandated minimum all pay the city wage tax of 5 percent.
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】[解析] 注意问题目的中的“EXCEPT”。本市议员的论述的前提是本市的税收应该主要让那些交税的人受益，其结论是公共汽车票价该上升。(D)表明许多本市的从低交通费中受益的选民反对增加本地的税收，也就是说他们不愿市政府通过增加他们的税收的办法来补偿交通费用的不足，由此推出在不增加税收和维持较低的交通费用两者之间，他们选择了前者。因此选项(D)对本市议员的论述起支持作用，为正确答案。(A)、(B)和(C)都通过找它因的方法削弱了本市议员的公共汽车票价应该上涨的结论；选项(E)削弱了本市议员论述的前提。
单选题 The major goal of physical education programs in schools is to help all children become physically fit. But only a small proportion of children ever participate in team sports. Moreover, team sports usually do less to encourage fitness in participants than do physical education programs that focus directly on aerobic exercise.
The considerations above, if true, could be used most effectively to argue against
  • A. the use of in-school physical education programs to encourage lifelong fitness habits in students.
  • B. the participation by young children in community sports teams.
  • C. schools' relying heavily on aerobic exercise programs to help all children become physically fit.
  • D. the use of a large part of a school's physical education curriculum for team sports.
  • E. the use of team sports in schools as an occasional activity for talented athletes.
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】[解析] 读明白问题目的永远是最重要的，本题问题目的要求我们在段落论述正确的前提下，用段落信息去反对下面的一个选项，实质上是让我们找一个与段落推理完全违背的答案。本题可归入“归纳”题型，但在考试现场主要是靠一种正确、快速解题的感觉。
单选题 The toxin produced by certain marine snails contains various proteins, one of which, when injected into mice, made mice aged two weeks or younger fall asleep and made older mice run for hiding places.
When mice are suddenly seriously threatened, very young ones react by staying perfectly still, whereas older ones run away.
The facts stated above provide the strongest support for which of the following working hypotheses?
  • A. The reaction of mice to sudden, serious threats is triggered by a chemical produced by the body, and this chemical is similar to the protein that was injected into the mice.
  • B. The protein contained in snail toxin that was injected into the mice ordinarily has the primary function of protecting snails by inducing in those snails complete immobility.
  • C. The protein that was injected into the mice would have made the mature mice fall asleep, too, if they had been injected with larger doses.
  • D. Very young mice are as likely to be exposed to sudden serious threats as are older mice.
  • E. Very young mice are not developed enough to deal appropriately with even the stimuli that they are most likely to encounter.
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】
单选题 Today's low gasoline prices make consumers willing to indulge their preference for larger cars, which consume greater amounts of gasoline as fuel. So United States automakers are unwilling to pursue the development of new fuelefficient technologies aggressively. The particular reluctance of the United States automobile industry to do, so, however, could threaten the industry's future.
Which of the following, if true, would provide the most support for the claim above about the future of the United States automobile industry?
  • A. A prototype fuel-efficient vehicle, built five years ago, achieves a very high 81 miles per gallon on the highway and 63 in the city, but its materials are relatively costly.
  • B. Small cars sold by manufacturers in the United States are more fuel efficient now than before the sudden jump in oil prices in 1973.
  • C. Automakers elsewhere in the world have slowed the introduction of fuel-efficient technologies but have pressed ahead with research and development of them in preparation for a predicted rise in world oil prices.
  • D. There are many technological opportunities for reducing the waste of energy in cars and light trucks through weight, aerodynamic drag, and braking friction.
  • E. The promotion of mass transit over automobiles as an alternative mode of transportation has encountered consumer resistance that is due in part to the failure of mass transit to accommodate the wide dispersal of points of origin and destinations for trips.
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】[解析] 本题读题重点是“unwilling to pursue the development of new fuel-efficient technologies”与“threaten the industry's future”。本题问题目的非常清晰，让我们支持关于美国汽车工业“future”的宣称，(C)与“future”有关，并可以很好地实现问题目的；(A)、(D)、(E)均为无关选项；(B)易误选，但(B)仅讨论的是小汽车，而段落推理讨论的是汽车业，所以也说明不了任何问题。
单选题
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】[解析] 根据(1)可得RS=TU=10米，再根据∠UTV=45°，∠SRV=60°，可求得TV=[*]，RV=5，所以TV-RV=[*]，因此(1)充分；由(2)的RV=5，可求出RS=10米，也即TU=10米，所以[*]，TV[*]，因此(2)也是充分的。
单选题 An economist concluded that Kregg Company deliberately discriminated against people with a history of union affiliation in hiring workers for its new plant. The economist's evidence is that, of the 1,500 people hired to work at the new plant, only 100 had ever belonged to a labor union, whereas in Kregg Company's older plants, a much higher proportion of workers have a history of union affiliation.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the economist's argument depends?
  • A. None of the people with a history of union affiliation who were hired to work at the new plant were union organizers.
  • B. Applicants for jobs at the new plant were not asked by Kregg's recruiters whether they had every belonged to a labor union.
  • C. In the plants of some of Kregg's competitors, the workforce consists predominantly of union members.
  • D. The company believes that the cost of running the new plant will be lower if labor unions are not represented in the workforce.
  • E. The pool of potential candidates for jobs at the new plant included some people, in addition to those Kregg hired, with a history of union affiliation.
【正确答案】 E
【答案解析】[解析] 本题为“B，A”型的假设。(E)说明适合新工厂工作岗位的潜在候选人中有一些参加过工会联盟，表明确实存在有工会联盟的人合格的情况，但Kregg就是没有录用。如果我们把(E)取非，变为压根就没有适合于新工厂工作的有工会联盟历史的人，那么上面结论“Kregg故意歧视参加过工会联盟的人”必然不对。因此，(E)是一个很好的假设；(A)、(B)、(C)均为无关选项；而(D)为一典型的“有他因”的反对选项。
单选题 In the course of her researches, a historian recently found two documents mentioning the same person, Erich Schnitzler. One, dated May 3, 1739, is a record of Schnitzler's arrest for peddling without a license. The second, undated, is a statement by Schnitzler asserting that he has been peddling off and on for 20 years.
The facts above best support which of the following conclusions?
  • A. Schnitzler started peddling around 1719.
  • B. Schnitzler was arrested repeatedly for peddling.
  • C. The undated document was written before 1765.
  • D. The arrest record was written after the undated document.
  • E. The arrest record provides better evidence that Schnitzler peddled than does the undated document.
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】[解析] 本题属于“自上而下”的support题型。由于1739年Schnitzler由于未经允许沿街叫卖而被抓，而未标明日期的第二份资料表明Schnitzler已经断断续续地沿街叫卖了20年，所以第二份资料的书写应在1759年之前，所以(C)正确；(B)易误选，但其中的“repeatedly”从上面段落中推不出来，因此不对。