Three hundred years ago news travelled by word of mouth or letter, and circulated in taverns and coffee houses in the form of pamphlets and newsletters. "The coffee houses particularly are very roomy for a free conversation, and for reading at an easier rate all manner of printed news," noted one observer. 【F1】
Everything changed in 1833 when the first mass-audience newspaper. The New York Sun, pioneered the use of advertising to reduce the cost of news, thus giving advertisers access to a wider audience.
【F2】
The penny press, followed by radio and television, turned news from a two-way conversation into a one-way broadcast, with a relatively small number of firms controlling the media.
Now, the news industry is returning to something closer to the coffee house. 【F3】
The Internet is making news more participatory, social and diverse, reviving the discursive characteristics of the era before the mass media.
That will have profound effects on society and politics. In much of the world, the mass media are flourishing. Newspaper circulation rose globally by 6% between 2005 and 2009. But those global figures mask a sharp decline in readership in rich countries.
Over the past decade, throughout the Western world, 【F4】
people have been keeping up with events in profoundly different ways, most strikingly among which is that ordinary people are increasingly involved in compiling, sharing, filtering, discussing and distributing news.
Twitter lets people anywhere, report what they are seeing. Classified documents are published in their thousands online. Mobile-phone footage of Arab uprisings and American tornadoes is posted on social-networking sites and shown on television newscasts. Social-networking sites help people find, discuss and share news with their friends. And it is not just readers who are challenging the media elite. Technology firms including Google, Facebook and Twitter have become important conduits of news. Celebrities and world leaders publish updates directly via social networks; many countries now make raw data available through "open government" initiatives. The Internet lets people read newspapers or watch television channels from around the world. The web has allowed new providers of news, from individual bloggers to sites, to rise to prominence in a very short space of time. 【F5】
And it has made possible entirely new approaches to journalism, such as that practiced by WikiLeaks, which provides an anonymous way for whistleblowers to publish documents.
The news agenda is no longer controlled by a few press barons and state outlets.
In principle, every liberal should celebrate this. A more participatory and social news environment, with a remarkable diversity and range of news sources, is a good thing. The transformation of the news business is unstoppable, and attempts to reverse it are doomed to failure.
【答案解析】解析：句子主干是Everything changed in 1833。关系副词when引导定语从句修饰名词(数词)1833。The New York Sun做同位语，补充说明the first mass-audience newspaper。分词结构giving advertisers access to a wider audience做结果状语，修饰when引导的整个定语从句。
【答案解析】解析：句子主干是The penny press turned news。过去分词短语followed by radio and television做定语修饰限定the penny press，译为“廉价报纸”。介词短语from…into…做状语修饰动词turned。介词短语with a relatively…做伴随状语。
【答案解析】解析：句子主干是The Internet is making news more participatory，social and diverse。participatory译为“吸引参与的”。现在分词短语reviving the discursive…mass media做结果状语，修饰前面整句话。discursive译为“散漫的，离题的”。介词短语of the era(在那个时代)做定语，修饰限定characteristics(特征)，介词短语before the mass media做定语，修饰限定the era。
【答案解析】解析：句子主干是People have been keeping up with events。keep up with译为“赶上，跟上”。most strikingly among which is that…distributing news是among which引导的定语从句，修饰限定ways，该定语从句是一个完全倒装句。that…distributing news做主语，是that引导的主语从句，译为“传播新闻”。
【答案解析】解析：句子主干是it has made possible entirely new approaches to journalism。such as that practiced by WikiLeaks做同位语，解释说明new approaches。过去分词短语practiced by WikiLeaks 做后置定语，修饰代词that。which provides…publish documents是which引导的定语从句，修饰限定WikiLeaks。