单选题   Everyone remembers the whitewashing scene in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. But how many recall the scene that precedes it? Having escaped from Aunt Polly, Tom is teaching himself to whistle when he spies a 'newcomer' in his village—a newcomer with 'a citified air'. They quarrel and wrestle in the dirt. Tom wins the battle but returns home late and is thus commanded to whitewash the famous fence.
    After this incident, the reader's sympathies are meant to lie with Tom. But imagine how a boy like Tom Sawyer would be regarded today. As far as I can tell, that fight is not just 'inappropriate behavior', to use current educational terminology (术语), but is also one of the many symptoms of 'oppositional defiant disorder' (ODD), a condition that Tom manifests throughout the book. And Tom is not merely ODD: He clearly has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as well, judging by his inability to concentrate in school.
    In fact, Tom manifests many disturbing behaviors.  He blames his half-brother for his poor decisions, demonstrating an inability to take responsibility for his actions. He provokes his peers, often using aggression. He deliberately ignores rules and demonstrates defiance toward adults. He is frequently dishonest, at one point even pretending to be dead. Worst of all, he skips school—behavior that might, in our time, lead him to be diagnosed with conduct disorder.
    I am not being entirely sarcastic here: I have reread 'Tom Sawyer' several times in recent years, precisely because Twain draws such fascinating portraits of children whose behavior is familiar, even if we now describe it differently. As a mother of boys, I find this weirdly reassuring: Although ADHD and ODD are often dismissed as recently 'invented' disorders, they describe personality types and traits that have always existed. A certain kind of boy has always had trouble paying attention in school.
    But if the behavior or actions of the children and the parents are familiar, the society surrounding them is not. Tom Sawyer turns out fine in the end. In 19th-century Missouri, there were still many opportunities for impulsive kids who were bored and fidgety (坐立不安的) in school: The very qualities that made him so tiresome—curiosity, hyperactivity, recklessness—are precisely the ones that get him the girl, win him the treasure and make him a hero.
    Nothing like that is available to children who don't fit in today. Instead of striking out into the wilderness, they get sent to psychologists and prescribed medication—if they are lucky enough to have parents who can afford that sort of thing. Every effort will be made to help them pay attention, listen to the teacher, stop picking fights in the playground. Nowadays, there aren't any other options.
单选题     Tom Sawyer's behavior makes him in current educational terminology ______.
 
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】根据题干中的current educational terminology定位到第二段第三句。 细节辨认题。文章第二段用小说中汤姆打架的事例引中到现代教育。定位句指出，如果用现代教育学的术语来描述，那么汤姆不仅是行为不当，甚至还患有对立违抗性障碍。因此，答案为B。 [参考译文] 人们都记得《汤姆·索亚历险记》中汤姆刷篱笆的那一情景。但有多少人记得在那之前的一段情节呢?汤姆从波莉姨妈那儿逃走之后，正练习着吹口哨时，突然瞥见村子里来了一个“陌生人”，这个人还带着点儿城里人的架势。他们吵了起来，还在泥地上扭打起来。汤姆赢了，但也因此回家晚了，于是就被罚去粉刷那道著名的篱笆。 这次事件之后，读者都站到了汤姆这边。但想象一下，如果是在今天，人们会如何对待像汤姆·索亚这样的孩子呢?据我所知，用现代的教育术语来说，打架这种行为不仅是一种“不当行为”，还是“对立违抗性障碍(ODD)”的症状之一，汤姆的这一症状贯穿全书。而且，汤姆不仅仅是对立违抗性障碍(ODD)患者：根据他在学校无法集中精力的表现，他显然还患有注意缺陷障碍(ADHD)。 实际上，汤姆的许多表现都令人不安。明明是自己的决定失误，汤姆却怪罪同父异母的弟弟，这说明他缺乏为自己的行为负责的能力。他挑拔生事，常在同龄人中激起众怒。他故意不遵守规则，还总表现出对成年人不屑一顾的样子。汤姆常常说谎，甚至一度还装死。最恶劣的是，他还逃学——在今天，这种行为可能会使他被确诊为患有品行障碍。 我并非一味要说刻薄话。近几年来，我多次重读《汤姆·索亚历险记》，恰恰是因为吐温对儿童引人入胜的描绘，而现在我们却以不同的视角来看待孩子们似曾相识的淘气行为。作为几个男孩的妈妈，我居然莫名其妙地觉得宽慰：注意缺陷障碍(ADHD)和对立违抗性障碍(ODD)通常都被误认为是近年来才“出现”的问题，但实际上这些性格类型和特点早就存在了。有一类孩子就是对上学提不起劲。 尽管小说中孩子和家长的这些行为对大家来说并不陌生，但他们周围的社会却与当今社会不尽相同。汤姆·索亚最后的结局很圆满。在19世纪的密苏里州，在校烦闷、坐立不安的鲁莽孩子仍然有很多机会：汤姆好奇心强、好动和大胆鲁莽的性格让他令人厌烦，但也正是这些品质为他赢得了女孩的芳心，并使他找到了宝藏，成了英雄。 今天不合群的孩子却享受不到这一切。他们不能去闯荡世界，反而要被送到心理医生那里接受诊疗并服药——如果他们够幸运，父母能够负担得起这笔开销的话。大人们会倾尽全力让他们集中注意力、听从老师的教诲，不在操场上打架。现在，别无选择。
单选题     From what can we conclude that Tom Sawyer is a child of conduct disorder?______
 
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】根据题干中的conduct disorder定位到第三段最后一句。 推理判断题。第三段一一列举了汤姆身上让人不安的性格特点，如不为自己的决定承担责任、挑衅滋事、不服管理、不够诚实等。定位句提到，最糟的是他居然逃学，如果是在现在，他可能会被确诊为患有品行障碍。因此，答案为B。
单选题     How did the author feel when she reread The Adventures of Tom Sawyer?______
 
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】根据题干中的the author和reread定位到第四段前两句，并最终定位到第二句。 细节辨认题。作者在第四段分析了自己多次重读《汤姆·索亚历险记》的感受：莫名其妙地觉得宽慰。回到现实生活中，她发现注意缺陷障碍(ADHD)和对立违抗性障碍(ODD)早就存在，因此她莫名其妙地觉得宽慰。因此，答案为D。
单选题     What may happen to a kid like Tom Sawyer in contemporary society?______
 
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】根据题干中的contemporary society定位到最后一段。 细节辨认题。定位段指出，虽然汤姆·索亚在书中的结局非常圆满，但现在的孩子显然不会拥有这样的待遇，他们不能出去闯荡世界，而会被父母送到心理医生那里接受诊疗并服药。因此，答案为C。
单选题     The passage is mainly about ______.
 
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】本题考查文章的主要内容，应重点通读第一段和最后一段内容。 主旨大意题。本文第一段以小说人物汤姆·索亚的经历引出现代孩子的行为问题。最后一段着重分析这类孩子在现代社会会有怎样不同的遭遇，因此答案为B。