单选题 {{B}}Text 2{{/B}}

The term "nationalism" is generally used to describe two phenomena: (1)the members of a nation care about their national identity and(2) that the members of a nation seek to achieve (or sustain) self-determination.
It is traditional, therefore, to distinguish nations from states—whereas a nation often consists of an ethnic or cultural community, a state is a political entity with a high degree of sovereignty. While many states are nations in some sense, there are many nations which are not fully sovereign states. As an example, the Native American Iroquois constitute a nation but not a state, since they do not possess the requisite political authority over their internal or external affairs. If the members of the Iroquois nation were to strive to form a sovereign state in the effort to preserve their identity as a people, they would be exhibiting a state—focused nationalism.
Nationalism has long been ignored as a topic in political philosophy, written off as a relic from bygone times. It has only recently come into the focus of philosophical debate. The surge of nationalism usually presents a morally {{U}}ambivalent{{/U}} and for this reason often fascinating picture. "National awakenings" and struggles for political independence are often both heroic and inhumanly cruel; the formation of a recognizably national state often responds to deep popular sentiment, but can and does sometimes bring in its wake inhuman consequences, including violent expulsion and "cleansing" of non-nationals, all the way to organized mass murder. The moral debate on nationalism reflects a deep moral tension between solidarity with oppressed national groups on the one hand and repulsion in the face of crimes perpetrated in the name of nationalism on the other.
Nationalism may manifest itself as part of official state ideology or as a popular (non-state) movement and may be expressed along civic, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. These self-definitions of the nation are used to classify types of nationalism. However, such categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine some or all of these elements to varying degrees. Nationalist movements can also be classified by other criteria, such as scale and location.
Nationalism does not necessarily imply a belief in the superiority of one race over others, but in practice, many nationalists support racial protectionism or racial supremacy. Such racism is typically based upon preference or superiority of the indigenous race of the nation.

单选题 The two phenomena mentioned in paragraph 1 can be summarized as ______.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 概括题；原文给出了民族主义的两种常见现象，题目要求我们将这两种现象进行归纳和概括。“the members of a nation care about their national identity”的核心讲的是一种人们对民族身份的关心，也就是一种态度的问题；而“the members of a nation seek to achieve (or sustain)self-determination"讲的是民族成员追求自治的一种努力，是行为层面的，所以在4个选项中，C选项的概括是准确的。

单选题 The example of Native American Iroquois is used in paragraph 2 to ______.

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】[解析] 例证题；在原文的第二段中，我们可以看到Native American Iroquois 的例子出现在段落的中间。我们首先看段落的第一句话，“It is traditional，therefore，to distinguish nations from states”奠定了段落的主旨，而这里的例子之后的分析也提到了“Native American Iroquois constitute a nation but not a state”，和段落主旨是吻合的。所以比较4个选项，A选项是正确的。B、C和D三个选项都出自原文中对这一例子的细节分析，提醒考生注意，在解答例证题这样的题目的时候，首先需要看是否服务于全篇主旨，再看段落主旨，排除这些目的之后再作其他的考虑。

单选题 The word "ambivalent" ( Line 3, Paragraph 3) most probably means ______.

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】[解析] 词义题；我们首先分析原文中这个词出现的句子，“The surge of nationalism usually presents a morally ambivalent and for this reason often fascinating picture”，由此可见我们需要寻找的是用来修饰民族主义的出现所带来的在道德上讲______的情形。而后文的分析和解释就是我们判断这个词的含义的依据，从后面我们可以看到“both heroic and inhumanly cruel”，这样的表达，既有英雄主义的一面，也有不人性的残忍的一面。继续寻找，可以看到“…often responds to deep popular sentiment，but can and does sometimes bring in its wake inhuman consequences”这里的意思和前面分析到的意思是类似的，都是说民族主义有善的一面，也有恶的一面，所以我们用来解释ambivalent一词的最好答案就是B选项，一种矛盾的态度和情感的集合体。