单选题
Scholastic thinkers held a wide variety of doctrines in
both philosophy and theology, the study of religion. What gives unity to the
whole Scholastic movement, the academic practice in Europe from the 9th to the
17th century, are the common aims, attitudes, and methods generally accepted by
all its members. The chief concern of the Scholastics was not to discover new
facts but to integrate the knowledge already acquired separately by Greek
reasoning and Christian revelation. This concern is one of the most
characteristic differences between Scholasticism and modern thought since the
Renaissance.
The basic aim of the Scholastics determined certain common attitudes, the most important of which was their conviction of the fundamental harmony between reason and revelation. The Scholastics maintained that because the same God was the source of both types of knowledge and truth was one of his chief attributes, he could not contradict himself in these two ways of speaking. Any apparent opposition between revelation and reason could be traced either to an incorrect use of reason or to an inaccurate interpretation of the words of revelation. Because the Scholastics believed that revelation was the direct teaching of God, it possessed for them a higher degree of truth and certainty than did natural reason. In apparent conflicts between religious faith and philosophic reasoning, faith was thus always the supreme arbiter; the theologians decision overruled that of the philosopher. After the early 13th century, Scholastic thought emphasized more the independence of philosophy within its own domain. Nonetheless, throughout the Scholastic period, philosophy was called the servant of theology, not only because the truth of philosophy was subordinated to that of theology, but also because the theologian used philosophy to understand and explain revelation.
This attitude of Scholasticism stands in sharp contrast to the so-called double-truth theory of the Spanish-Arab philosopher and physician
. His theory assumed that truth was
accessible to both philosophy and Islamic theology but that only philosophy
could attain it perfectly. The so-called truths of theology served, hence, as
imperfect imaginative expressions for the common people of the authentic truth
accessible only to philosophy.
The basic aim of the Scholastics determined certain common attitudes, the most important of which was their conviction of the fundamental harmony between reason and revelation. The Scholastics maintained that because the same God was the source of both types of knowledge and truth was one of his chief attributes, he could not contradict himself in these two ways of speaking. Any apparent opposition between revelation and reason could be traced either to an incorrect use of reason or to an inaccurate interpretation of the words of revelation. Because the Scholastics believed that revelation was the direct teaching of God, it possessed for them a higher degree of truth and certainty than did natural reason. In apparent conflicts between religious faith and philosophic reasoning, faith was thus always the supreme arbiter; the theologians decision overruled that of the philosopher. After the early 13th century, Scholastic thought emphasized more the independence of philosophy within its own domain. Nonetheless, throughout the Scholastic period, philosophy was called the servant of theology, not only because the truth of philosophy was subordinated to that of theology, but also because the theologian used philosophy to understand and explain revelation.
This attitude of Scholasticism stands in sharp contrast to the so-called double-truth theory of the Spanish-Arab philosopher and physician
. His theory assumed that truth was
accessible to both philosophy and Islamic theology but that only philosophy
could attain it perfectly. The so-called truths of theology served, hence, as
imperfect imaginative expressions for the common people of the authentic truth
accessible only to philosophy.
单选题
With the Scholastics, the search for new knowledge ______.
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】本题为细节题。根据文章第一段第三句“The chief concern of the Scholastics was not to discover new facts but to integrate the knowledge already acquired separately by Greek reasoning and Christian revelation，”可知经院哲学家主要关注的不是发现新知识而是将希腊理学和基督教启示获得的知识整合起来，由此可知，经院哲学家对于新知识的追求应该是停滞的，所以正确答案为A。
单选题
Which of the following best illustrates the relation between reason and
revelation?
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】本题为细节归纳题。根据文章第二段第三句“Any apparent opposition between revelation and reason could be traced either to an incorrect use of reason or to an inaccurate interpretation of the words of revelation.”可知理智和启示在表面上的对立可以追溯到对理智的错误运用和对启示的误解中，所以C项“两者只是偶尔对立”的表述是错误的；根据本段第四、五句可知经院哲学家坚信启示能掌握更高层次的真理和确定性；在宗教信仰和哲学推理表面上的冲突中，信仰总是更高层次的裁决者，由此可知B项是对于两者关系最为恰当的诠释；而A和D项文中并未提及，故正确答案为B。
单选题
It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 of the text that ______.
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】本题为细节推理题。根据该段倒数第一、二句可知经院哲学思想在13世纪早期越来越强调哲学的独立性，但在整个经院哲学阶段，哲学一直被称作神学的仆人。可见，哲学的仆人地位并没有完全被接受，所以A项错误。另外，该段虽然提到神学是仲裁者，哲学被称为神学的奴隶，但并未提及宗教成了哲学研究的障碍，故B项错误；该段的最后一句话提到，神学家用哲学来理解和解释启示，这与D项的表述相符；该段只提到神学家利用哲学，而并未提及哲学家利用启示，所以C项错误，故正确答案为D。
单选题
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】本题为细节题。仔细阅读第三段可知阿威罗伊认为哲学和伊斯兰神学都可以接近真相，但是只有哲学能够完美地得到它。因此，所谓的神学真理对于普通人来讲不过是对事实的不完美想象的表达。真正的真理只有哲学才可以接近。他还认为，哲学上的真理，至少在口头上，与伊斯兰神学是矛盾的。四个选项中A项将原文中的contradict换成了subordinate to; B项表述错误，[*]只认为对于普通人来说，神学真理是想象的，但哲学是可以理解它的。D项论述的内容文中并未提及；而C项则是该段第三句的改写，故正确答案为C。
单选题
Which of the following is most likely to be discussed in the part
succeeding this text?
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】本题为推断题。仔细阅读文章最后一段可知整个段落的内容都是围绕理智和启示关系上的努力而展开论述的。据此可推测下文应是继续叙述就此而进行的其他努力，正确答案为C。