单选题 The conception of poverty and what to (1) about it have changed over the decades. Under Social Darwinism the lazy and the (2) were supposed to be at the bottom of the economic ladder as (3) of the "law of survival of the fittest". Society was (4) as a network of self-sufficient families which provided for their own. (5) persons outside a household (orphans, the (6) elderly, and the crippled ) were provided outdoor relief grudgingly and as a temporary expedient (权宜之计). Although it was (7) that "the poor will always be with us", the individual was expected to improve himself (8) acts of his own will. Charity was thought to be the (9) of idleness. By keeping wages low, laborers would be (10) to work harder.
At about the turn of the century, the beginning of concern about natural (11) brought uneasiness about the possible spread of beggary. There was a potentially dangerous class in (12) of disease and disorder. The "poor" were (13) as different from "paupers" Paupers were individuals well (14) to being on the low end of the socioeconomic (15) Without shame or bitterness, they would not seek independence and a " (16) " life. For the mountaineers, the subsistence dwellers, and some slum dwellers, the lack of wealth, (17) has been argued, reflects a preference not to pay the psychological costs of the struggle for fiches or of adopting the middle class work ethic of striving. In (18) , the worthy poor struggled to (19) their lot against circumstances beyond their control: low wages, sickness, industrial (20) , widowhood (孀居) and so on.

单选题 [A] find [B] do [C] work [D] deal

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】本题考查的是动词短语搭配。do sth．about…意思是“对……采取行动”；deal不与about搭配使用；work是不及物动词；find与about搭配不合题意，因此选B。

单选题 [A] inefficient [B] invalid [C] ineffective [D] inaccessible

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】本题考查的是同前缀形容词的词义辨析。inefficient无能的；ineffective(指方法等)无效果的；invalid多指法律上无效的；inaccessible达不到的。根据“the lazy”(懒人)和其后的and可知，选项A最符合题意。

单选题 [A] an effect [B] a result [C] an outcome [D] a consequence

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】此题考查的是异形近义名词的词义辨析。consequence在此意为“影响，结果或后果，重要性”。consequence和result均可表示由于，因为……缘故，其搭配分别是in consequence of和as a result of。outcome通常表示最后的结果，成果，effect表示效果。本题所给的四个选择项，似乎应选result，但仔细分析这是误导，人的经济地位低下并不是由于“适者生存的法则”而引起的结果。因此C是干扰项，故选D。

单选题 [A] imagined [B] estimated [C] conceived [D] guessed

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】本题考查的是异形近义动词的词义辨析。estimate估计；guess猜想。imagine与conceive是近义词(其后均可接介词as)，但词意是有区别的，imagine想象，表示脑子里随意进行不受理智控制的，无拘束的形象化的过程；conceive构想，则表示形成一种想法并使之发展成为一种可加以实行的可能，故C符合题意。

单选题 [A] Pity [B] Needy [C] Shabby [D] Greedy

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】此题主要考察的是四个形近异义词的词义辨析。根据该句括号里的同位语提示，应选needy贫困的。而shabby破旧的，卑鄙的，greedy贪婪的，不合题意。pity是名词，更不能选。

单选题 [A] childless [B] childly [C] childlike [D] childish

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】本题考查的是同根形容词的词义辨析。括号里的内容是进一步补充说明主语，needy persons outside a household，因此答案只能选childless。childish孩子气的；childlike和childly同义，表示孩子般天真的。

单选题 [A] agreed [B] concurred [C] assented [D] consented

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】此题考查的是异形近义动词的使用。四个选择项均有赞同之意，但用法有异。本句中的it是形式主语，that引导的从句是主语从句。四个选择中，只有agree一词可用作及物动词，可用于it is agreed that+从句这样的结构中，assent，concur和consent均为不及物动词，不能这样使用。

单选题 [A] through [B] by [C] with [D] on

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】本题主要考查介词的用法。四个选择项中的介词均可表示“靠……方式”，但through表示“通过……方法，手段”等，后常接名词；by表示“靠……方法”，常接动名词；with表示“用……工具”，表示行为，方式；on表示“根据……，凭……”。根据题意，本句应选A。

单选题 [A] nurse [B] evil [C] patient [D] ward

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】此题主要是区别这四个名词的含义。该句用了比喻手法，．nurse常以the nurse of形式出现，意为“……的保护者，促使成长的因素，起源，发祥地”，即将“慈善”看成是促成“懒惰”的因素。故选A。

单选题 [A] promoted [B] admired [C] encouraged [D] excited

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】本题主要是区别这四个动词的含义。admire钦佩；promote晋升；encourage鼓励；excite使……激动。结合文章，只有选项C符合题意。

单选题 [A] resource [B] source [C] origin [D] resources

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】此题考查的是近义名词的词义辨析。resource谋略，应付，办法；resources(常用复数)资源，财力，natural resources自然资源；source根源，来源；origin起源，血统。故答案选D。

单选题 [A] respects [B] terms [C] regards [D] views

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】此题考查的是介词短语的搭配。in terms of从……方面来说；as regards/in regard to(of)，with respect to/in respect/view of(to)均表示关于，就……而言。本句所给的四个选项，只有B符合题意。

单选题 [A] seen [B] noticed [C] watched [D] predicted

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】本题考查的是异形近义动词的词义辨析。see…as different from把……看成和……不同；notice注意；watch注视；predict，预测。A符合题意。

单选题 [A] admitted [B] adjusted [C] applied [D] adapted

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】此题考的是异形近义动词的词义辨析。admit承认；adjust和adapt均有“使……适应”的意思，搭配是adjust oneself to(doing)sth．和adapt oneself to(doing)sth．，但adjust除“使适应”外，还有“调节，校正”的意思。根据题意选B，well adjusted to是过去分词短语在句中做定语，修饰individuals。

单选题 [A] measure [B] scale [C] standard [D] scales

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】本题是考查区别这三个异形近义名词的词义。scale在此表示等级、级别，scales常用复数指天平秤；measure措施，办法；standard标准，结合题意，所以选B。

单选题 [A] poor [B] better [C] humble [D] miserable

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】此题主要是区别这四个形容词的词义。本句含义为“只在遭受耻辱和痛苦的情况下，乞丐才会去谋求独立和______生活。”根据题意，应选better。humble谦卑的；miserable悲惨的，均不符合题意。

单选题 [A] it [B] what [C] that [D] which

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】本题考点为代词及关系代词的用法。在本句中，it指代的是the lack of wealth。

单选题 [A] analogy [B] contrast [C] comparison [D] contrary

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】此题主要是考固定搭配。by comparison比较起来；in contrast相对照；on the contrary相反；by analogy类推。故只有B符合题意。

单选题 [A] increase [B] enrich [C] improve [D] develop

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】本题考的是动宾词组搭配。increase增加；develop发展；improve改善，enrich使丰富。根据句意，improve their lot意为“改善他们的命运”；故选C。

单选题 [A] accidents [B] incidents [C] events [D] disasters

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】本题考的是异形近义名词的词义辨析。industrial accidents工伤事故；disaster灾难；incident小事件；event大事件，事变。A符合题意。