Almost every day the media discovers an African American community fighting some form of environmental threat from land fills, garbage dumps, petrochemical plants, refineries, bus depots, and the list goes on. For years, residents watched helplessly as their communities became dumping grounds. But citizens didn't remain silent for long. Local activists have been organizing under the mantle of environmental justice since as far back as 1968. More than three decades ago, the concept of environmental justice had not registered on the radar screens of many environmental or civil rights groups. But environmental justice fits squarely under the civil rights umbrella. It should not be forgotten that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis on an environmental and economic justice mission in 1968, seeking support for striking garbage workers who were underpaid and whose basic duties exposed them to environmentally hazardous conditions. In 1979, a landmark environmental discrimination lawsuit filed in Houston, followed by similar litigation efforts in the 1980s, rallied activists to stand up to corporations and demand government intervention. In 1991, a new breed of environmental activists gathered in Washington, D. G., to bring national attention to pollution problems threatening low-income and minority communities. Leaders introduced the concept of environmental justice, protesting that Black, poor and working-class communities often received less environmental protection than White or more affluent communities. The first National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit effectively broadened what "the environment" was understood to mean. It expanded the definition to include where we live, work, play, worship and go to school, as well as the physical and natural world. In the process, the environmental justice movement changed the way environmentalism is practiced in the United States and, ultimately, worldwide. Because many issues identified at the inaugural summit remain unaddressed, the second National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit was convened in Washington, D. C., this past October. The second summit was planned for 500 delegates; but more than 1,400 people attended the four-day gathering. "We are pleased that the Summit Ⅱ was able to attract a record number of grassroots activists, academicians, students, researchers, planners, policy analysts and government officials. We proved to the world that our movement is alive and well, and growing," says Beverly Wright, chair of the summit. The meeting produced two dozen policy papers that show powerful environmental and health disparities between people of color and Whites.

单选题 In Paragraph 1, the word "residents" refers to________in particular.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】解析：题目问：在第一段，单词“residents”涉及什么内容?第一段：Almost every day the media discovers an African American community fighting some form of environmental threat from land fills，garbage dumps，petrochemical plants，refineries，bus depots，and the list goes on．For years，residents watched helplessly as their communities became dumping grounds．文章第一段首先提到非裔美国人生活的区域污染严重，接着指出，生活在那里的居民无奈地目睹这一切。据此可知，应选择C。

单选题 More than three decades ago, environmental justice was________.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】解析：题目考查环境正义的内容。第二段：More than three decades ago，the concept of environmental justice had not registered on the radar screens of many environmental or civil rights groups．But environmental justice fits squarely under the civil rights umbrella．通过此句话可知，30多年前，环境正义的理念没有进入个人环境的视线和公民权的集合，但是环境公正却正当地躲在公民权的保护伞之下。据此可知，应选择C。