问答题 {{B}}Directions:{{/B}}
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
What is the good life? Aristotle acknowledges that luck has a role to play in the good life, but to what extent does luck affect the good life? If the good life is dependent on external factors, then it would appear that it could not be considered self-sufficient. However, Aristotle argues that the good life is self-sufficient, but communally self-sufficient. Why does Aristotle argue for what appears to be a contradiction in terms? {{U}}{{U}} 1 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}It is contended that luck's effect on the good life was much greater than Aristotle was prepared to acknowledge and that as a result of the good life being dependent on luck, the good life cannot be considered self-sufficient.{{/U}}
Aristotle believed that the good for humans would be the maximum realization of the function that was unique to humans. Since reason was understood by Aristotle to be the unique quality that humans possessed, it followed that the good for humans was to reason well. {{U}}{{U}} 2 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Since part of the task of reason was to teach human beings how to act virtuously, the good for humans was the exercise of their faculties in accordance with virtue{{/U}}. The good life, then, was defined by Aristotle as the activity of the soul in accordance with virtue.
{{U}}{{U}} 3 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}The circumstances that make it likely or unlikely that a person will lead the good life are external and not of one's own choosing, and are, therefore, dependent on luck{{/U}}. Why not, it might be postulated, limit luck's effects, specifically narrowing the scope of what constitutes the elements of the good life so as to limit, while not eliminating luck's role?
{{U}}{{U}} 4 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Aristotle held that even if one could be viewed as leading the good life, should one experience any adverse circumstances such as illness, bereavement or isolation, then one could no longer be considered to be leading the good life{{/U}}. "For many reversals and all sorts of luck come about in the course of a life; and it is possible for the person who was most especially doing well to encounter great calamities in old age, as in the stories told about Priam in the Trojan war. But when a person has such misfortunes and ends in a wretched condition, nobody says that he is living well."
Aristotle had argued that limiting the scope of luck's effect on the good life would render life meaningless, yet is this not what is happening here? {{U}}{{U}} 5 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Knowing that as one ages the probability of experiencing misfortune is heightened, and still maintaining that this is a yardstick by which to measure whether one can be considered to be leading the good life, severely limits the chances of anyone attaining the good life{{/U}}. Limiting the scope of the external factors that affected the good life would render the good life too limiting, according to Aristotle; yet Aristotle has placed such severe limitations on the criteria that needs to be met in order to lead the good life that the probability of anyone ever leading the good life are practically non-existent.
【正确答案】有人认为运气对于幸福生活的影响要比亚里士多德所能准备承认的更为深远，而且由于幸福生活依赖运气，所以幸福生活不能看作是自给自足的。
【答案解析】[解析] 本题的考点有：It is+过去分词+that...；比较结构；并列结构；动名词短语的复合结构。it是形式主语，真正的主语是两个that并列的主语从句。第二个that从句中，as a result of这个词组为结果状语，the good life being dependent on luck为动名词短语的复合结构。在翻译由it引导的形式主语句型时切忌不要直接翻译成“它”，这样会是无效的翻译，翻译时可以使用添加主语的方式。 本句中出现的生词并不多，主要有：contend：声称，主张，认为，这个词还可以有“竞争和争夺”的意思，在本句里显然不是争夺的意思；还有就是acknowledge：承认，复信，挥手，表示感谢。在这里考查的是最基本的意思。
【正确答案】因为思辨的一部分任务是教会人类如何善良行事，对人类而言幸福就是按照美德来发挥他们的才能。
【答案解析】[解析] 本题句式并不复杂，为一个较简单的主从复合句，其中since引导原因状语从句。本句的主语是the good for humans，系动词是was，表语是the exercise of their faculties，后面连接一个方式状语：in accordance with virtue。 本句翻译涉及的词汇有：since，reason，virtue，exercise，faculties。这些词汇在翻译和把握时很容易出错。since很多考生一般会认为是：“自从”的意思，可是它还有“因为”“既然”的意思，引导原因状语从句。reason -般是“原因，解释”的意思，这里一般当思考和思辨理解。virtue：美德，长处，高尚的道德。exercise大家一般都认为是“练习”的意思，在这里却是“行使，运用”的意思。faculties：天赋，才能，全体教师。in accordance with：根据，按照。
【正确答案】使得一个人能否过上幸福生活的境遇是外部的，不是个人自己的选择，因此，这些境遇取决于运气。
【答案解析】[解析] 本句是一个复合句，主干为The circumstances are external and not of one's own choosing，and are dependent on luck，其中前一个are并列了两个表语，并与第二个are为两个谓语动词并列。定语从句that make it likely or unlikely that a person will lead the good life修饰circum-stances，这个从句中make是使役动词，其后的it是make的形式宾语，真正的宾语是第二个that引导的从句that a person will lead the good life。 在这个句子中出现的难理解的词汇不多，需要特别指出的有：circumstance，这个词的意思是：条件，状况，境遇。
【正确答案】亚里士多德认为，即使一个人可以看作是过着幸福生活，一旦这个人遭遇困境，如疾病、丧失亲人或孤立，那么他不应当再被看作是过着幸福生活。
【答案解析】[解析] 本句是宾语从句的考查，主语是Aristotle，谓语是held，后面都是held的宾语，其中that引导的宾语从句中有一个even if引导的让步状语。should表示假设，引导条件状语从句。 本句内的生词主要有：adverse，bereavement. adverse表示不利的，有害的，反面的。bereavement：丧失亲人，丧失之痛。
【正确答案】知道随着一个人年龄的增长，经历不幸的可能性就提高，并且仍然坚持认为这是一个衡量标准，以此来衡量是否一个人可以被看作是过着幸福生活，这样就严重限制了任何人获得幸福生活的机会。
【答案解析】[解析] 这个句子的主干的谓语动词是limits。本句的难点在主语部分很长，为两个动名词短语并列做主语，一个是knowing…，另一个是maintaining...。两个that引导的都是宾语从句。第一个that从句中，as引导时间状语从句，意思是“随着”，其谓语动词是ages，第二个that从句中嵌套着by which引导的定语从句，修饰yardstick。 yardstick是衡量标准的意思，misfortune是不幸的意思。