单选题
That Louis Nevelson is believed by many critics to be the greatest twentieth-century sculptor (雕刻家) is all the more remarkable because the greatest resistance to women artists has been, until recently, in the field of sculpture. Since Neolithic (新石器时代的) times, sculpture has been considered the privilege of men, partly, perhaps, for purely physical reasons: it was faultily assumed that women were not suited for the hard manual labor required in sculpting stone, carving wood, or working in metal. It has been only during the twentieth-century that women sculptors have been recognized as major artists, and it has been in the United States, especially since the decades of the fifties and sixties, that women sculptors have shown the greatest originality and creative power. Their rise to prominence (声望) parallels the development of sculpture itself in the United Sates: while there had been a few talented sculptors in the United States before the 1940's, it was only after 1945—when New York was rapidly becoming the capital of the world—that major sculpture was produced in the United States. Some of the best was the work of women. By far the most outstanding of these women is Louis Nevelson, who in the eyes of many critics is the most original female artist alive today. One famous and influential critic Hilton Kramer, said of her work, 'For myself, I think Ms. Nevelson succeeds where the painters often fail. ' Her works have been compared to the Cubist (立体主义的) constructions of Picasso, the surrealistic (超现实主义的) objects of Miro and the Merzhau of Schwitters. Nevelson would be the first to admit that she has been influenced by all of these, as well as by African sculpture, and by Native American and pre-Columbian art, but she has absorbed all these influences and still created a distinctive art that expresses the urban landscape and the aesthetic (审美的) sensibility of the twentieth century. Nevelson says, 'I have always wanted to show the world that art is everywhere, except that it has to pass through a creative mind. ' Using mostly discarded wooden objects like packing crates (板条箱), broken pieces of furniture, and abandoned architectural ornaments, all of which she has collected for years, she assembles architectural constructions of great beauty and power, creating very freely with no sketches, she glues and nails objects together, paints them black, or more rarely white or gold, and places them in boxes. These assemblages, walls, even entire environments create a mysterious, almost awe-inspiring atmosphere. Although she has denied any symbolic or religious intent in her works, their three-dimensional grandeur and even their titles, such as Sky Cathedral and Night Cathedral, suggest such connotations (涵义). In some ways, her most ambitious works are closer to architecture than to traditional sculpture, but then neither Louis Nevelson nor her art fits into any neat category.
单选题
It was not until the middle of 20th century in America that women sculptors ______ .
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】这两句指出“正是在美国,特别是自从50、60年代起,女雕刻家才显示出最强大的原创性及创造力。她们的崛起与美国雕刻艺术本身的发展历程相一致……”。由原文中对女性雕刻家的用词,如the greatest originality and creative power和their rise to prominence可推断,她们在20世纪中期成为美国雕刻界的强大力量。故C项符合文意,为正确答案。 [参考译文] 雕刻界对于女性艺术家的最激烈的反对之音直到最近才逐渐消减,因此,路易斯·内韦尔森能被许多评论家公认为20世纪最伟大的雕刻家就更是非同寻常了。自从新石器时代开始,雕刻一直被认为是男性的特权。其中部分原因可能完全是生理原因:人们错误地断定雕刻石头、木头以及与金属打交道所需的艰苦体力劳动不适合女性。只有在20世纪。女雕刻家才被公认为是主要的艺术家。正是在美国,特别是自从50、60年代起,女雕刻家才显示出最强大的原创性及创造力。她们的崛起与美国雕刻艺术本身的发展历程相一致:尽管在20世纪40年代以前,美国有一些有天赋的雕刻家,但是,只有在1945年以后——当纽约迅速成为世界之都时——美国主要的雕刻作品才出现。其中一些顶级的作品是由女性创作的。 到目前为止,这些女性中最杰出的就是路易斯·内韦尔森,她在许多评论家眼中是当今最具原创性的女性艺术家。一位著名的、富有影响力的评论家希尔顿·克雷默评价她的作品时说:“就我个人看来,内韦尔森女士在画家们经常失败的地方成功了。” 她的作品被比成毕加索的立体结构、米罗的超现实主义物体以及施威特斯的“梅尔滋建筑”(译者注:集建筑、雕刻、拼贴和安装为一体的艺术作品)。内韦尔森是首个承认自己受所有这些艺术以及非洲雕刻艺术、印第安时期及前哥伦比亚时期的艺术影响的人。然而,尽管她吸收了所有这些影响,却仍创造出了一种表现20世纪城市景观及美感的独特艺术。内韦尔森说:“我一直很想向世界表明艺术到处存在,没有创造性的头脑可做不到。” 她使用的大部分材料是她收集多年的那些废弃的木制品,比如包装箱、破碎的家具以及被遗弃的建筑装饰品。她用所有这些组装出具有很高美学价值和影响力的建筑结构。她不画草稿,随性发挥,将物品黏在一起,钉在一块儿。把它们漆成黑色,或者罕见的白色和金色,然后把它们放进箱子里。这些组装物、墙壁,甚至整个环境营造出了一种神秘的、几乎是令人敬畏的气氛。尽管她否认她的作品里有任何象征性的或宗教性的意图,它们宏伟的三维结构,甚至包括名称,比如《天空大教堂》、《夜晚大教堂》都让人想起这样的寓意。从某种程度上说,她最宏大的作品更接近建筑而非传统雕刻,但如果这样看,路易斯·内韦尔森及其艺术都无法简单地归入任何一个类别了。 【说明文——对美国女雕刻家路易斯·内韦尔森的介绍】 第一段:介绍历史背景——美国雕刻的发展历程。 第二至第三段:介绍路易斯·内韦尔森雕刻艺术的特点。 第四段:介绍路易斯·内韦尔森创作的手法、特点并作出评价。
单选题
According to the passage, the rise of New York______ .