阅读理解 Institutions of higher education (IHEs) are often regarded as sanctuaries, protected environments where young people explore great ideas in a collegial atmosphere and make (47) 1 friendships. Consequently, incidents of violence on campus are particularly shocking for the extended campus community, (48) 2 questions about whether there is any safe heaven. An (49) 3 of evidence indicates that in fact campuses are not (50) 4 from such incidents. There are many types of campus violence — including rape, assault, fighting, hazing, dating violence, sexual harassment (折磨，虐待) , hate and bias-related violence, rioting, disorderly conduct, property crime, and even self-harm and suicide. While grappling with these complex problems is challenging, lessons learned from community-based prevention research point to a set of best practices to (51) 5 the development, implementation, and evaluation of (52) 6 to improve campus health and safety. This publication was developed to help campuses prevent violence and (53) 7 safety. It reviews the scope of campus violence problems, describes the wide array of factors that cause and (54) 8 to violence, outlines a comprehensive approach to reducing violence and promoting safety on campus, and lists specific (55) 9 that administrators, students, faculty, staff, and community members can follow to (56) 10 and improve their policies and strengthen their programs and services. The document concludes with vignettes (插图) describing initiatives specific campuses have undertaken to reduce violence and promote a safe environment. Ward Bank A) promote B) actual C) contribute D) evoking E) refer to F) lifelong G) sources H) recommendations I) guide J) immune K) interventions L) based on M) abundance N) review O) distinguish