【正确答案】In conversation, the roles of speaker and listener change constantly. The person who speaks first becomes a listener as soon as the person addressed takes his or her turn in the conversation by beginning to speak. Conversations need to be organized; therefore, there are rules or principles for establishing who talks and then who talks next. This process is called turn taking.
The study of turn taking includes
· turn constructional component
· turn allocational component or turn taking rules
· implicit and explicit markers.
Sacks suggested some guiding principles for the organization of turn taking in conversation. He observed that the central principle that speakers follow in taking turns is to avoid gaps and overlap in conversation.
An adjacency pair is a unit of conversation that contains an exchange of one turn each by two speakers. The turns are functionally related to each other in such a fashion that the first turn requires a certain type or range of types of second turn. For examples, a greeting-greeting pair, and a question- answer pair.
Turn-taking and adjacency pairs are both integral parts of all conversations. According to Levinson (1983, 308), turu taking and adjacency pairs are both aspects of local organization: their influence is limited to short exchanges. They do not explain the apparent organization operating over longer stretches of conversation.

【答案解析】[解析] 本题主要考查话语分析中的话轮和邻近会话对的知识。答题时先要先分别就什么是话轮和邻近会话对进行解释，然后再说明两者之间的关系即可。