Task 4 (3 points each; 15 points in all) 

Directions: This task is the same as Task l (No.61 through No.65).

In most lectures, several main ideas are presenteD、 These are the concepts（思想）the lecturer wants the students to remember. Often the lecturer has a general idea that serves as an “umbrella” covering the other main concepts. The students' job, then, is to pickout the main concepts, including the “umbrella” idea.

Lecturers usually begin with an introduction. Sometimes the main concepts and the “umbrella” idea are briefly presented in the introduction; often they are not. Next comes the body of the lecture. It is here that the several main concepts are always presented. The final part of a lecture, the conclusion, is traditionally a summary of the main concepts. This is also the place where the “umbrella” idea can most easily be repeated, restated, or even introduced for the first time.When a lecture is well organized, with a clear-cut beginning, middle and end, the main ideas are usually easy to pick out. 

When a lecture is not well organized, getting the gist of what is being said is quite difficult. Some lecturers are “long-winded”, taking a long time to come to the point.Others ramble on (杂乱地漫谈) and never seem to come to the point at all.

While listening to a lecture, the students are expected to remember_________.