Passage Two
It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors' names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.
No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it一is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.
The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific， Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16, 000 journals.
This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report^ authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process; at least for the publication of papers.
In the first paragraph, the author discusses________.
归纳大意题。第一段主要介绍了传统的期刊出版过程，研究者会将他们的研究成果发给期刊杂志，杂志编辑将作者名字和附件从论文上删去再交给同领域的其他研究者进行复审，编辑将根据得到的评价决定是发表论文还是退回稿件，版权归杂志发行人所有。因此D 是正确答案。
Which of the following is true of the OECD report?
通过第二段 “who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it” 可知批评的不是政府资助的研究，而是那些期刊，因此A 选项不符合题意。B 选项和D选项在报告中没有体现，因而也排除。第二段倒数第三句提到“The report makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. ”该报告将那些目前为止获益颇丰的出版商感到心情沉重。因此C 项是正确答案。
According to the text, online publication is significant in that________.
推理题。通过文章最后一段第二句提到“According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online.”（根据OECD的报告，现在差不多有75%的学术期刊可在线查阅），可知在线期刊让人们更容易接触到科研成果。
With the open-access publishing model， the author of a paper is required to ________.
最后一段第三句话 “There is open-access publishing， typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published” 第二种是开放式出版模型，这种方式的典型特点就是要求作者（或其雇主）付钱发表文章，显然A 选项是正确答案。其他三个选项都与对应信息无关。
Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?
概括主旨题。总览全文可知文章主要介绍了新型的出版方式的出现，因此B 选项正确。