翻译题
When humans fail to make optimal decisions in strategic games and economic gambles, researchers typically try to explain why that behaviour is biased. 【F1】To this end, they search for mechanisms that cause human behaviour to deviate from what seems to be the rational optimum. But perhaps human behaviour is not biased; perhaps research assumptions about the optimality of strategies are incomplete. In the one-shot anonymous symmetric ultimatum game (UG) (最后通牒游戏), humans fail to play optimally as defined by the Nash equilibrium. 【F2】However, the distinction between kin and non-kin—with kin detection being a key evolutionary adaption—is often neglected when deriving the "optimal" strategy. In the one-shot anonymous ultimatum game (UG), two players—a proposer and a responder—are tasked with an economic decision. First, the proposer suggests how to split a resource. This resource, provided by a third party, is set to 1.0. The offer defines the fraction that the proposer is willing to give to the responder. If the offer meets the responder's demands, the resource will be split accordingly. If the offer is rejected, neither player will receive anything. The rational and most optimal strategy in this game differs markedly from the strategy observed in humans. This gap has been explained by showing that humans take other elements, such as the social context, into account when making decisions. 【F3】It comes to a conclusion that allowing players to discern between opponents that are kin and opponents that are not kin leads to the evolution of strategies that resemble those observed in humans—even if kinship detection is imperfect. To understand the evolution of strategies, a computational evolutionary mode was used to define a population of strategies as a set of points within the strategy space. We randomly selected a set of strategies to form the population of the first generation. 【F4】These selected strategies all played against each other, and not against every possible strategy—much as an organism does not interact with all other possible organisms, but only with those alive at the time. The next generation was formed from those strategies that earned a higher payoff playing the UG. Specifically, the probability of an organism having offspring was defined by the payoff it received divided by the total payoff the entire population received. However, variations could move the points defining the offspring's strategy around in this space, providing a new set of opponents. 【F5】How this set of points moved through this space over time approximated how evolution would act on organisms whose existence depended solely on playing the UG.
问答题16.【F1】
【正确答案】为此，他们调查了导致人类行为偏离理性最优决策的多种机制。
【答案解析】①本句为多重复合句，that引导定语从句修饰先行词mechanisms，该定语从句中嵌套了what引导的宾语从句，作介词from的宾译，本句的基本时态为一般现在时。②固定短语To this end意为“为此”，常承接上一句的话题。③deviate from意为“偏离，偏转”；optimum在句中用作名词，意为a condition,degree，amount or compromise that produces the best possible result“最佳”，此意较为抽象，联系上文可知，它的意思实际上就是optimal decisions“最优决策”。
【答案解析】①本句实际为主从复合句，只是when引导的时间状语从句省略了主语humans和系动词are，基本时态为现在时，主句语态为一般现在时的被动语态。②介词短语between kin and non-kin为后置定语，修饰distinction，the distinction between A and B表示“A与B的区别”。③两个破折号之间的成分为插入语，是对信息的补充，在语法上为独立成分。
【答案解析】①本句为多重复合句，句式较为复杂。其基本时态为一般现在时。主句中的It作形式主语，真正的主语为that引导的从句。②that allowing…从句为主语，还原过来就是that allowing…come to a conclusion“允许……成为了一个结论”，由此可知，主语从句allowing players to discern between opponents leads to the evolution of strategies即为结论的具体内容。③that are kin和that are not kin同为定语从句，分别修饰between…and…结构中两个并列的opponents。④定语从句that resemble those observed in humans修饰先行词the evolution of strategies，对其进行补充说明；此外，those指代those strategies observed in humans。⑤even if引导让步状语从句，说明即使“尽管亲缘鉴别并非尽善尽美”，也可得出上文提到的结论。
【答案解析】①本句为主从复合句，破折号前的部分为主句，破折号后的部分为as引导的从句，主句描述的是过去进行的实验的现象，故时态为一般过去时；从旬描述的为客观事实，故时态用了一般现在时。②all是These selected strategies的同位语，两者指代的内容一样；not against every possible strategy中，against前省略了动词played，虽然前后是用并列连词and连接的，但是这里前后说的是两种不同的情形，所以在翻译时处理为前后转折关系。as“正如，就像”引导的从句为方式状语从句，由于放在破折号之后，就具有了插入语的性质，作用是对主句的进一步解释说明；代词those指代的内容为those organisms；alive at the time为后置定语，修饰those。
【答案解析】①本句为多重复合句，描述的是过去发生的实验中的现象，故基本时态为一般过去时。②How this set．．．time作主句的主语；how evolution．．．作主句的宾语；whose引导定语从句，修饰先行词organisms，指“完全以玩最后通牒游戏为生的有机体”。③副词solely修饰动词depended，说明有机体完全以……为生；动名词短语playing the UG作介词on的宾语。④approximate作动词时，意为resemble“与……接近”；短语act on意为“对……产生影响”；depend on意为“依靠，依赖”。