Photography was once an expensive, laborious ordeal reserved for life's greatest milestones. Now, the only apparent cost to taking infinite photos of something as common as a meal is the space on your hard drive and your dining companion's patience.
But is there another cost, a deeper cost, to documenting a life experience instead of simply enjoying it? 'You hear that you shouldn't take all these photos and interrupt the experience, and it's bad for you, and we're not living in the present moment,' says Kristin Diehl, associate professor of marketing at the University of Southern California Marshall School of Business.
Diehl and her fellow researchers wanted to find out if that was true, so they embarked on a series of nine experiments in the lab and in the field testing people's enjoyment in the presence or absence of a camera. The results, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, surprised them. Taking photos actually makes people enjoy what they're doing more, not less.
'What we find is you actually look at the world slightly differently, because you're looking for things you want to capture, that you may want to hang onto,' Diehl explains. 'That gets people more engaged in the experience, and they tend to enjoy it more.'
Take sightseeing. In one experiment, nearly 200 participants boarded a double-decker bus for a tour of Philadelphia. Both bus tours forbade the use of cell phones but one tour provided digital cameras and encouraged people to take photos. The people who took photos enjoyed the experience significantly more, and said they were more engaged, than those who didn't.
Snapping a photo directs attention, which heightens the pleasure you get from whatever you're looking at, Diehl says. It works for things as boring as archaeological (考古的) museums, where people were given eye-tracking glasses and instructed either to take photos or not. 'People look longer at things they want to photograph,' Diehl says. They report liking the exhibits more, too.
To the relief of Instagrammers (Instagram用户) everywhere, it can even make meals more enjoyable. When people were encouraged to take at least three photos while they ate lunch, they were more immersed in their meals than those who weren't told to take photos.
Was it the satisfying click of the camera? The physical act of the snap? No, they found; just the act of planning to take a photo—and not actually taking it—had the same joy-boosting effect. 'If you want to take mental photos, that works the same way,' Diehl says. 'Thinking about what you would want to photograph also gets you more engaged.'
What does the author say about photo-taking in the past? ______
在过去，关于拍照，作者说了些什么? 由出题的顺序规律和题干中的photo-taking in the past定位到第一段。 记录生活中的重要事件是很费心血的。第一段开头第一句就说了：Photography was once an expensive, laborious ordeal reserved for life's greatest milestones.(摄影曾经是一种昂贵、耗时且费力的过程，它留给人生最重要的时刻。)选项A是对这句话的同义改写，原文中once与题干中的in the past是同义替换；另外expensive, laborious ordeal与选项A中的painstaking effort是同义替换，所以答案选择A。 选项B“这是一种只有少数有钱人才能享受的奢侈”利用expensive设置干扰项，但原文并没有说只有少数有钱人才能享受，故排除；选项C“这是一种保存珍贵图像的好方法”与原文不符，原文中作者的观点是用拍照来记录人生的重要时刻，故排除；选项D“这是一项需要大量练习才能掌握的技能”利用常识设置干扰，但原文中并未提及，故排除。 [参考译文] 摄影曾经是一种昂贵、耗时且费力的过程，它留给人生最重要的时刻。现在，给一顿餐食这样普通的东西拍无数张照片，唯一明显的成本就是硬盘空间以及与你一起吃饭的人的耐心。 但是仅仅记录生活经历而不是单纯地享受它，是否还存在另一种成本，一种更深层次的成本呢?南加州大学马歇尔商学院营销学副教授克里斯汀·迪尔说：“你听说不应该拍这些照片，它们破坏了体验感，并且这对你不好，因为这样的我们并没有活在当下。” 迪尔和她的同事们想要查明这一观点是否正确，于是他们在实验室以及实地进行了一系列的九项实验，测试人们在有或没有相机的情况下的愉悦感。发表在《人格与社会心理学杂志》上的研究结果让他们感到惊讶：拍照确实会让人们更多地享受他们正在做的事情，而不是更少。 “我们发现，实际上你看待世界的方式会有些许的不同，因为拍照时你在寻找你想要捕捉的东西，你可能想要保留下来。”迪尔解释说。“这会让人们更加投入到体验中，也会更享受。” 拿观光来说。在一项实验中，大约200名参与者坐上一辆游览费城的双层巴士。两组巴士旅游团都禁止使用手机，但有一组旅游团提供了数码相机，并且鼓励人们拍照。能拍照的人明显比那些没有拍照的人更享受这趟旅程，并表示他们更投入其中。 迪尔说，抓拍一张照片能吸引注意力，增强你从所看事物中获得的愉悦感。它适用于像考古博物馆一样无聊的事物，人们被要求戴上眼球追踪眼镜，然后被指示能否拍照。迪尔说：“人们对于他们想要拍摄的东西看得更久。”他们表示也更喜欢这些展品。 让世界各地的Instagram用户都松了一口气的是，拍照甚至可以让用餐变得更加愉快。当人们被鼓励在吃午餐时至少拍三张照片时，他们比那些没有被告知拍照的人更沉浸在用餐中。 是摄像机令人满意的咔嚓声吗?还是按下快门的肢体动作?不，他们发现：仅仅是计划拍照的行为——实际上并没有拍照——也有同样增加愉悦的效果。“如果你想在脑海中拍照片，效果也是一样的，”迪尔说，“去思考你想拍什么也会让你更投入。”
Kristin Diehl conducted a series of experiments on photo-taking to find out ______.
克里斯汀·迪尔进行了一系列拍照实验是为了弄清楚______。 由题干中的Kristin Diehl、a series of experiments on photo-taking定位到第二、三段。 它是否妨碍人们享受他们正在做的事情。根据定位词可看到第三段第一句：Diehl and her fellow researchers wanted to find out if that was true, so they embarked on a series of nine experiments in the lab and in the field testing people's enjoyment in the presence or absence of a camera.(迪尔和她的同事们想要查明这一观点是否正确，于是他们在实验室以及实地进行了一系列的九项实验，测试人们在有或没有相机的情况下的愉悦感。)其中that指代的内容是前一段最后一句迪尔说的话：“You hear that you shouldn't take all these photos and interrupt the experience, and it's bad for you, and we're not living in the present moment”(你听说不应该拍这些照片，它们破坏了体验感，并且这对你不好，因为这样的我们并没有活在当下)，由此可知，迪尔做一系列实验的目的就是为了弄清楚拍照是否会破坏其中的体验，进而影响愉悦感，选项D是对这两句话的概括，所以答案选择D。 选项A“它实际上会给拍照的人带来怎样的乐趣”并不是迪尔做实验的目的所在，故排除；选项B“人们在观光时是否享受它”是具体的实验内容，与题干所问无关，故排除；选项C“它如何丰富人们的生活经验”并未在原文中提及，故排除。
What do the results of Dienl's experiments show about people taking pictures? ______
关于拍照者，迪尔的实验结果表明了什么? 由题干中的the results of Dienl's experiments定位到第三、四段。 他们更专注于吸引他们眼球的东西。根据定位词可看到第三段的最后两句：The results, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, surprised them.Taking photos actually makes people enjoy what they're doing more, not less.(发表在《人格与社会心理学杂志》上的研究结果让他们感到惊讶。拍照确实会让人们更多地享受他们正在做的事情，而不是更少。)由此可知，研究结果显示拍照会让人们更加享受其中的乐趣。另外在第四段迪尔做了进一步的解释：“What we find is you actually look at the world slightly differently, because you're looking for things you want to capture, that you may want to hang onto,” Diehl explains. “That gets people more engaged in the experience, and they tend to enjoy it more.”(“我们发现，实际上你看待世界的方式会有些许的不同，因为拍照时你在寻找你想要捕捉的东西，你可能想要保留下来。”迪尔解释说。“这会让人们更加投入到体验中，也会更享受。”)其中looking for things you want to capture与选项C中的absorbed in what catches their eyes是同义替换，所以答案选择C。 选项A“他们从正在做的事情上分心了”与原文不符，原文明确说到人们更加专注，而不是分心，故排除；选项B“他们能更好地记住所看到的或所做的”原文中并未提及，故排除；选项D“他们能够更好地了解这个世界”利用look at the world slightly differently来设置干扰，原文只说看待世界的方式会有些许的不同，并没有提及能够更好地了解世界，故排除。
What is found about museum visitors with the aid of eye-tracking glasses? ______
关于博物馆参观者戴上眼球追踪眼镜之后，实验结果发现了什么? 由题干中的museum visitors with the aid of eye-tracking glasses定位到第六段。 他们在拍照时更关注展品。根据定位词看到段落第二、三句：It works for things as boring as archaeological museums, where people were given eye-tracking glasses and instructed either to take photos or not. 'People look longer at things they want to photograph,' Diehl says. They report liking the exhibits more, too.(它适用于像考古博物馆一样无聊的事物，人们被要求戴上眼球追踪眼镜，然后被指示能否拍照。迪尔说：“人们对于他们想要拍摄的东西看得更久。”他们表示也更喜欢这些展品。)其中look longer at things与选项B中focus more on the exhibits是同义替换，所以答案选择B。 选项A“他们拍出了更好的展品照片”与选项D“他们更容易了解历史事件”均未在原文中提及，故排除：选项C“他们能更好地观看展品”利用常识设置干扰，但原文并未提及“更好地观看”，故排除。
What do we learn from the last paragraph? ______
从最后一段我们可以了解到什么? 由题干中的the last paragraph定位到最后一段。 即使只有拍照的想法也会有积极的影响。看到段落最后两句：No，they found; just the act of planning to take a photo—and not actually taking it—had the same joy-boosting effect. 'If you want to take mental photos, that works the same way,' Diehl says. 'Thinking about what you would want to photograph also gets you more engaged.'(不，他们发现：仅仅是计划拍照的行为——实际上并没有拍照——也有同样增加愉悦的效果。“如果你想在脑海中拍照片，效果也是一样的，”迪尔说，“去思考你想拍什么也会让你更投入。”)其中Thinking about what you would want to photograph与选项D中the very thought of taking a photo是同义替换；另外选项D中positive effect与原文中joy-boosting effect相对应，所以答案选择D。 选项A“拍照前最好制订计划”以及选项B“脑海中的照片可以像真实照一样美丽”均未在最后一段中提及，故排除；选项C“摄影师可以从按快门的咔嚓声中获得极大的快乐”利用碎片信息the click of the camera、great joy杂糅形成干扰，但原文中并未提及，故排除。