阅读理解 In a world as fast-changing and full of information as our own, all of us need to know how to learn well. Yet evidence suggests that most of us don' t use the learning techniques that science has proved the most effective.
The scientific literature evaluating these techniques goes back to decades ago and across thousands of articles. It' s far too extensive and complex for the average parent, teacher or employer to look through. Fortunately, a team of five leading psychologists have done the job for us.
Professor John Dunlosky and other psychologists closely examined 10 learning strategies and rated each from high to low utility on the basis of the evidence they' ve gathered. Here' s part of their conclusions:
In contrast to familiar practices, the effective learning strategies with the most evidence to support them aren' t well known outside the lab. Take distributed practice for example. This strategy involves spreading out your study time, rather than engaging in one marathon. Cramming information at the last minute may allow you to get through that test or meeting, but the materials will quickly disappear from your memory. It' s much more effective to look through the materials at intervals over time. And the longer you want to remember the information, whether it' s two weeks or two years, the longer the interval should be.
The second learning strategy that is highly recommended by Dunlosky is practice testing. Yes, more tests—but not for a grade. Research shows that the mere act of calling information to mind strengthens that knowledge and aids in future retrieval (检索). While practice testing is not a common strategy—despite the strong evidence supporting it—there is one familiar approach that captures its benefits: using flash cards. And now flash cards can be presented in digital form. Both distributed practice and practice testing were rated as having "high utility" by Dunlosky.

单选题 6.How did the psychologists study and rate the learning strategies?

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】根据第二段第一句“The scientific literature evaluating these techniques goes back to decades ago and across thousands of articles．”和第三段第一句“…on the basis of the evidence they’ve gathered．”可知，心理学家们是通过他们收集到的资料对这些学习策略进行研究和评估的，为此他们追溯到了几十年前并查阅了数千篇文章。故选A。

单选题 7.The underlined word "extensive" in Paragraph 2 means "______".

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】根据第二段前两句“The scientific literature evaluating these techniques goes back to decades ago and across thousands of articles．It’s far too extensive and complex for the average parent，teacher or employer to look through．”可知，为了评估这些学习策略，需要追溯到几十年前并查阅数千篇文章，信息量巨大。这对于普通的家长、老师或雇主来说，内容太多，也太复杂。由此可推知，extensive意为“广泛的，大量的”，与D项“处理大量信息”意思最为接近。故选D。

单选题 8.About distributed practice and practice testing, it' s true that______,

单选题 9.The strategy of distributed practice shows that______.

单选题 10.The evidence shows that the strategy of practice testing______.

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】根据最后一段第三句“…the mere act of calling information to mind strengthens that knowledge and aids in future retrieval．”可知，测试练习策略通过回忆信息的方式，可以帮助巩固知识和在未来进行检索。由此可推知，该策略主要是用来帮助我们更好地记忆。选项A、C、D均与文章内容不符。故选B。