Passage 3

Read the following passages carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts.

【A1】 Being angry increases the risk of injury, especially among men, new research says. The researchers gathered data on more than 2,400 accident victims at three Missouri hospitals. They interviewed each subject to determine the patient's emotional state just before the injury and 24 hours earlier, gathering data on whether the patients felt irritable, angry or hostile, and to what degree. Then they compared the results with a control group of uninjured people.

【A2】 Despite widespread belief in “road rage,” anger did not correlate with injuries from traffic accidents. 【A3】 Not surprisingly, anger was strongly associated with injuries inflicted deliberately. But other injuries—those neither intentionally inflicted nor from falls or traffic accidents—also showed strong associations with anger.

【A4】 The correlations were significantly weaker for women than for men, but there were no differences by race. The authors acknowledge that their data depend on self-reports, which are not always reliable.

【A5】 Why anger correlates with injury is not known. “I can speculate that the anger may have prompted some behavior that led to the injury, or may have simply distracted the person, leading indirectly to the injury,” said the study's lead author.

【A6】 It is useful to remember that history is to the nation as memory is to the individual. As persons deprived of memory become disoriented and lost, not knowing where they have been and where they are going, so a nation denied a conception of the past will be disabled in dealing with its present and its future.

【A1】

【A2】

【A3】

【A4】

【A5】

【A6】