Geoffrey Chaucer was one of the most successful poets of the fourteenth century and one of the few medieval authors whose influence extends to the popular culture of today. Chaucer’s most renowned work is unquestionably The Canterbury Tales, a collection of short stories linked together by a pilgrimage from London to the holy site at Canterbury, England. The pilgrimage was very popular in Chaucer’s day and allowed the author to bring together a few dozen characters from various social classes and walks of life. Some of the characters, like the Host, Harry Bailly, are based on real people. Others, like the Parson, are little more than archetypes. The poem itself is unfinished and contains several inconsistencies that reflect the need for further revision. Still, The Canterbury Tales remains popular because of its vivid characters and fascinating vignettes. Among these stories, The Wife of Bath has stood out as the most controversial and interesting of them all. Medieval scholars have tirelessly studied The Wife of Bath in order to capture the main character’s meaning.
Upon first reading, the main character—Alyson, the Wife—appears to embody the very fears of medieval clerical misogyny, or, by the same acts, to be a true representation of a stereotypic feminist. Alyson insists on speaking her mind (loudly), rejecting the negative opinions and sexual constraints traditionally placed upon women. She is lewd, and has the audacity to use The Bible to attack clerical arguments from The Bible dealing with chastity and virginity. In the Middle Ages, a preaching woman could be considered heretical and burned at the stake. With this in mind, the Wife may have a good reason for keeping her sense of humor.
And she does have a sense of humor. Alyson is well aware of her own failings, even as she defends those faults to the company. As for her verbosity, the Wife says she can’t help it: all women talk too much. For proof, she later cites the famous story of King Midas, who was given ass’s ears as punishment by the god, Apollo. Midas, she says, told his misfortune to his wife, who, afraid she would burst from keeping the secret, whispered it to the banks of a river where it spread over the country. The Wife tells her listeners they can read the rest in Ovid. But here is where the Wife’s account diverges. In Ovid, Midas trusts his secret to his barber, a man. It is a man who cannot keep the secret safe, who talks too much. Moreover, Midas has received the ass’s ears because he was unable to listen wisely. Chaucer doesn’t tell us if we should believe that Alyson is an ignorant illiterate who doesn’t know her Ovid, or if she is subtly tweaking the critics who think men are inherently superior to women.
Dovetailing neatly with the themes of her prologue is the story Alyson tells her fellow pilgrims. In many ways, it is a traditional Arthurian romance. The protagonist of the story, a young knight, commits an assault. In order to save himself from capital punishment, he is allowed to go on a one-year quest to discover what women most desire. The simple answer, he learns, is maistrie, or authority, over their husbands. But in Chaucer nothing is simple. When the knight is at last convinced to give maistrie to his own wife, she surprises him by promising to be obedient, faithful, and loving. The dichotomy of power, of male versus female, is destroyed in the act of surrender.
Is this Chaucer’s recipe for social harmony, or is it merely wish fulfillment on the part of the Wife herself? Literary scholars have desperately tried to discover Chaucer’s own views of marriage and society through his characters. Their pursuit, often as tangled as Chaucer’s own narrative, allows us to consider yet again the questions Chaucer asks of us.