单选题 Wherever people have been, they have left waste behind, which can cause all sorts of problems. Waste often stinks, attracts vermin and creates eyesores. More seriously, it can release harmful chemicals into the soil and water when dumped, or into the air when burned. And then there are some really nasty forms of industrial waste, such as spent nuclear fuel, for which no universally accepted disposal methods have thus far been developed.
Yet many also see waste as an opportunity. Getting rid of it all has become a huge global business. Rich countries spend some $120 billion a year disposing of their municipal waste alone and another $150 billion on industrial waste. The amount of waste that countries produce tends to grow in tandem with their economies, and especially with the rate of urbanization. So waste firms see a rich future in places such as China, India and Brazil, which at present spend only about $ 5 billion a year collecting and treating their municipal waste.
Waste also presents an opportunity in a grander sense: as a potential resource. Much of it is already burned to generate energy. Clever new technologies to turn it into fertiliser or chemicals or fuel are being developed all the time. Visionaries see a world without waste, with rubbish being routinely recycled.
Until last summer such views were spreading quickly. But since then plummeting prices for virgin paper, plastic and fuels, and hence also for the waste that substitutes for them, have put an end to such visions. Many of the recycling firms that had argued rubbish was on the way out now say that unless they are given financial help, they themselves will disappear.
Subsidies are a bad idea. Governments have a role to play in the business of waste management, but it is a regulatory and supervisory one. They should oblige people who create waste to clean up after themselves and ideally ensure that the price of any product reflects the cost of disposing of it safely. That would help to signal which items are hardest to get rid of, giving consumers an incentive to buy goods that create less waste in the first place.
That may sound simple enough, but governments seldom get the roles right. In poorer countries they often have no rules at all, or if they have them they fail to enforce them. In rich countries they are often inconsistent: too strict about some sorts of waste and worryingly lax about others. They are also prone to imposing arbitrary targets and taxes. California, for example, wants to recycle all its trash not because it necessarily makes environmental or economic sense but because the goal of "zero waste" sounds politically attractive.

单选题 What's the main idea of the first paragraph?
A. Waste is everywhere. B. Waste is very harmful.
C. Waste should be treated universally. D. Waste can be an opportunity.

单选题 Waste firms expect a great development in China, India and Brazil because ______.
A. those economies have a large amount of waste to be treated
B. those economies develop fast but spend little on waste business
C. those economies welcome waste firms to run business there
D. those economies pay more attention to environmental protection

单选题 Many recycling firms are disappointed now for the reason that ______.
A. clever new technologies are updating too quickly to bring any profit
B. they will have no resources to use in a world without waste in the future
C. low prices for recycling products leave little margin to make money
D. governments are reluctant to give financial help to survive the crisis

单选题 According to the author's ideal, products with high prices ______.
A. would be hard to be disposed of B. should be really valuable
C. would create less waste D. should be in strict regulation

单选题 Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?
A. Rich countries might help poor countries to treat the waste.
B. California's "zero waste" program makes no environmental sense.
C. More taxes are needed to collect and treat the waste efficiently.
D. Governments' policies on waste industry are largely incoherent.