| A. Linguists | B. Major contributions and arguments |
| ①Halliday | a. relationship between linguistic system and their communicative values in discourse |
| ②Chomsky | b. seven basic functions in his functional account of language use |
| ③Hymes | c. language learning centers around negotiation involved in making choices and decisions. |
| ④Widdowson | d. communicative competence |
| ⑤Candlin | e. Human being was born with a LAD. |
①b ;②e; ③d; ④a; ⑤c
①韩礼德在其语言使用的功能描述中提出了语言的七种基本功能。
②乔姆斯基认为, 每一个正常人生来就具有语言习得机制, 即 LAD(language acquisition device)。
③“交际能力(communicative competence)” 这个术语是海姆斯创造出来的。
④威多森认为, 语言系统与其在语篇中的交际价值之间存在密切关系。
⑤坎德林认为, 交际语言学习是“一种高度社会化的活动”, 学习者参与协商过程。 对坎德林来讲, 这种协商必然涉及作出选择和决定, 这个协商过程就是语言学习过程的核心。