单选题 Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently
Male pilots flying general aviation (private) aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention or flawed decision-making. While female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling the aircraft. These are the results of a study by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.
The study identifies the differences between male and female pilots in terms of circumstances of the crash and the type of pilots error involved. "Crashes of general aviation aircraft account for 85 percent of all aviation deaths in the United States. The crash rate for male pilots, as for motor vehicle drivers, exceeds that of crashes of female pilots," explains Susan P. Baker, MPH, professor of health policy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. "Because pilot youth and inexperience are established contributors to aviation crashes, we focused on only mature pilots, to determine the gender differences in the reasons for the crash."
The researchers extracted data for this study from a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety. The data were gathered from general aviation crashes of airplanes and heIicopters between 1983 and 1997, involving 144 female pilots and 267 male pilots aged 40-63. Female pilots were matched with male pilots in a 1:2 ratio, by age, classes of medical and pilot certificates, state or area of crash, and year of crash. Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gender.
The researchers found that loss of control on landing or takeoff was the most common circumstance for both sexes, leading to 59 percent of female pi.lots' crashes and 36 percent of males'. Experiencing mechanical failure, running out of fuel, and land!ng the plane with the landing gear up were among the factors more likely with males, while stalling was more likely with females.
The majority of the crashes — 95 percent for females and 88 percent for males — involved at least one type of pilot error. Mishandling aircraft kinetics was the most common error for both sexes, but was more common among females (accounting for 81 percent of the crashes) than males (accounting for 48 percent). Males, however, appeared more likely to be guilty of poor decision-making, risk-taking, and inattentiveness, examples of which include misjudging weather and visibility or flying an aircraft with a known defect. Females, though more likely to mishandle or lose control of the aircraft, were generally more careful than their male counterparts.

单选题 What is the reseamh at Johns Hopkins University about?
A. Causes of aircraft crash.
B. Gender difference in relation to types of aircraft crashes.
C. Causes of mishandling aircraft.
D. Gender discrimination in general aviation in the United States.

单选题 Which of the statements is NOT true according to the second paragraph?
A. Crashes of general aviation aircraft are a major source of aviation accidents in the United States.
B. Male pilots, like male vehicle drivers, are more likely to have accidents than female pilots.
C. It is commonly known that aircraft crashes are mostly caused by young and inex- perienced pilots.
D. Only mature pilots are studied to determine the gender differences in the reasons for aircraft crash.

单选题 How did the researchers carry out their study?
A. They studied the findings of several previous research projects.
B. They conduced a questionnaire with 411 pilots.
C. They collected data from the database at the Johns Hopkins University.
D. They analyzed the circumstances of the crashes involved.

单选题 What is the most common circumstance of crash with female pilots?
A. Mechanical failure and running out of fuel.
B. Loss of control on landing or takeoff and stalling.
C. Loss of control on landing or takeoff and running out of fuel.
D. Stalling and landing with the gear up.

单选题 In the comparison of female and male pilots, ______.
A. female pilots are found to be more courageous and risk-taking
B. male pilots are found to be more professional and attentive
C. female pilots are found to make more errors out of carelessness
D. male pilots are found to make more errors in decision-making