单选题
·For each question 13-18, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet, for the answer you choose.
{{B}}Common Stock and Preferred Stock{{/B}}
A public corporation issues certificates of ownership, called common stock, that may be traded on stock exchanges. Anyone can buy and sell shares of common stock. Owners of stock are referred to as shareholders and stockholders. Common stockholders are accorded certain rights by the corporate charter. In the United States, these rights vary from state to state, but in general the articles of incorporation spell out voting rights and rights to receive profits.
Common stockholders are the voting owners of a corporation. They are usually entitled to one vote per share. They may vote on numerous decisions affecting the corporation (including a derision to sell or merge with another corporation) and elect a board of directors, who, in turn, hire managers to run the business. A majority shareholder is one who owns over 50 percent of the outstanding (issued) shares in a corporation and, thus, can call the shots. All other shareholders are minority shareholders. In large corporations no single person or organization owns anywhere near a majority interest. In large, publicly owned corporations a shareholder with as little as 10 percent of the shares may control the corporation effectively. If things go badly, a coalition of so called dissident shareholders may gather enough votes to replace the existing board of directors; the new hoard may fire the existing management and bring in their own management team.
Although common stock represents ownership in a company, it does not guarantee the owners a specific rate of return. As owners, the stockholders receive profits after all expenses, including debts and taxes, have been paid. They receive profits from the business in the form of dividend payments, which represent a percent-age of profits. Not all after-tax profits are paid to the stockholders in dividends. Directors usually deride quarterly how much, if any, of the profits they wish to distribute to the owners. The profits are either distributed to the owners in dividends or they are reinvested back into the company in the form of retained earnings. If the company decides to keep the profits, the company may become more valuable and the price of the stock usually goes up. Some investors prefer profits in the way of dividends while others speculate for an increase in the price of stock. If a company goes broken, common stockholders get last claim on whatever is left over.
Corporations may also issue preferred stock to investors. Preferred stock usually has no vote in the election of the bard of directors, but does get preference in the distribution of the company's earnings. It offers investors a different type of security and may be issued only after common stock has been issued. The term "preferred" applies to two conditions. First, preferred stockholders gain preferential treatment in the matter of dividends; that is, they receive a fixed rate of dividends prior to the payment of dividends on common shares. Second, if the company goes out of business or liquidates, pregerred stockholders are closer to the front of the line than common stockholders! when distributing the company's assets.
Dividends to preferred stock may be cumulative or noncumulative. Cumulative preferred stock maintains its claim to dividends even if the company decides not to pay them. For instance, if the company had a bad year in 1994, they might decide not to pay dividends. But if they had a good year in 1995. noncumulative preferred stock dividends do not accumulate. If dividends are not declared, noncumulative owners lose their claim to the profit of that period.
In short, common stock usually has more control through voting privileges, greater chance for high returns, and more risk, whereas preferred stock usually has less control, fixed returns, less risk, and less chance for big gains.

单选题 Common stock traded on stock exchanges represents ______ .

A. the voting rights the stockholders have
B. the stock shared by common people
C. the profits the shareholders receive
D. the ownership of a public corporation

单选题 The second paragraph describes ______ .

A. the returns to common stockholders
B. the majority and minority stockholders
C. the voting rights of common stockholders
D. the formation of common stock

单选题 The main purpose of the third paragraph is to tell us ______ .

A. the rate of returns to the stockholders
B. the risk of common stockholders
C. the distribution of profits to the stockholders
D. the benefits of common stock

单选题 One of the differences between common stock and preferred stock lies in that ______ .

A. the former is safer in getting dividends
B. common stockholders get more stable profits
C. the latter gets more fixed returns
D. preferred stockholders have more rights in voting

单选题 With cumulative preferred stock, stockholders can ______ .

A. claim to the former profits when the company has a good year
B. have more control over the company
C. claim to the former profits when the company has a bad year
D. receive high returns

单选题 For those who want to get high returns, it is better for them to buy ______ .

A. preferred stock
B. common stock
C. noncumulative stock
D. cumulative stock