单选题 Naturalism is the view that the "natural" universe, the universe of matter and energy, is all that there really is. By ruling out a spiritual part of the human person which might survive death and a God who might resurrect the body, naturalism also rules out survival after death. In addition, naturalism denies human freedom on the grounds that every event must be explainable by deterministic natural laws. It denies any absolute values because it can find no grounds for such values in a world made up only of matter and energy. And finally, naturalism denies that the universe has any meaning or purpose because there is no God to give it a meaning or purpose, and nothing else which can give it a meaning or purpose.
Anyone who accepts the first three denials, of God, spiritual beings, and immortality, might be called a naturalist in the broad sense, and anyone who adds to these the denial of freedom, values, and purpose might be labeled a naturalist in the strict sense, or a strict naturalist. Some opponents of naturalism would argue that naturalists in the broad sense are at least somewhat inconsistent and that naturalism in the broad sense leads logically to strict naturalism. Many strict naturalists would agree with this.
Those who reject naturalism in both the strict and broad sense do so for a variety of masons. They may have positive arguments for the existence of .some of what naturalists deny, or they may have what seem to be decisive refutations of some or all of the arguments for naturalism. But, in addition to particular arguments against naturalist tenets or their grounds of belief, some opponents of naturalism believe that there is a general argument which holds against any form of naturalism. These opponents hold that naturalism has a "fatal flaw" or, to put it more strongly, that naturalism is self-destroying. If naturalism is true, then human reason must be the result of natural forces.
These natural forces are not, on the naturalistic view, rational themselves, nor can they be the result of a rational cause. So human reason would be the result of nonrational causes. This, it can be argued, gives us a strong reason to distrust human reach, especially in its less practical and more theoretical exercises. But the theory of naturalism is itself such an exercise of theoretical reason. If naturalism is true, we would have strong reasons to distrust theoretical reasoning. If we distrust theoretical reasoning, we distrust particular applications of it, such as the theory of naturalism. Thus, if naturalism is true, we have strong reasons to distrust naturalism.

单选题 Naturalism believes that
A. human can do things with their free will.
B. deterministic natural laws can explain everything.
C. absolute values should be based on a more reasonable ground.
D. universe is dependent on subjective experience.

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】本题问自然主义信奉什么。全文讨论自然主义的观点，首先要介绍自然主义的基本观点是什么。因此，自然主义的基本观点应该定位在首段。首段第三句“naturalism…denies…on the grounds that every event must be explainable by deterministic natural laws…”表明自然主义者认为所有的事件都必须能够由决定论的自然法则解释。故B项“决定论(即宿命论)的自然法则能够解释一切”正确。
[A] 人类能根据自由意志行事：定位关键词“free will”。首段第三句“naturalism…denies human freedom on the grounds that every event must be explainable by deterministic natural laws…”表明自然主义否定人类自由。也就是说，他们认为自然法则是deterministic(决定论的，宿命论的)，所以人们不能随自己的意志自由做事。“free will”与“human freedom”同义。
[C] 绝对价值应该建立在更为合理的基础之上：定位“absolute values”。从首段倒数第二句“It denies…．absolute values because it can find no grounds for such values…”可知自然主义因为找不到绝对价值存在的基础所以否定它，也就是说自然主义认为绝对价值根本没有存在的基础，更谈不上其存在的合理性。
[D] 宇宙是依赖于主观经验而存在的：定位选项题干关键词“subjective experience”。文中首段末句meaning和 purpose即属于“subjective experience”，可以说题于是一种同义转述。因此选项定位到此处。“naturalism…denies that the universe has any meaning or purpose…”表明自然主义者认为宇宙没有意图和目的，也就是说宇宙是不依赖于主观经验而存在。

单选题 Many strict naturalists' attitudes towards the categorizing of naturalists might be
A. disapproving, B. puzzled.
C. content. D. appreciative.

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】本题问狭义自然主义者对自然主义者的分类的态度。由题干中的“the categorizing of naturalists”可定位到第二段。从第二段“Some opponents…argue that naturalists in the broad sense…inconsistent and that naturalism in the broad sense leads logically to strict naturalism．Many strict naturalists would agree with this．”可知一些反对者认为广义的自然主义者的观点不尽一致，且广义自然主义从逻辑上导致狭义自然主义。即认为对广义的自然主义者的界定是不合理的。而狭义自然主义者同意反对者的观点。可见他们也不同意这种分类方法。故A项“不赞成”正确。
[B] 困惑的：狭义自然主义者很清楚这种分类的不合理之处，并不感到困惑。
[C] 满意的：本项在态度把握上犯了方向性错误。注意不要看到文中有“agree”就以为是正面的态度。文中“agree”针对的是反对者的观点，而反对者认为这种分类不合理。
[D] 赞赏的：有“to admire greatly”的意思。这比C项更进一步，同样犯了方向性错误。

单选题 Which of the following concerning those who reject naturalism are true?
A. they accept some of the naturalists' denials.
B. their retort on naturalism is too sharp to be convincing.
C. all their arguments against naturalism are not universal.
D. there exist mortal defects in their own arguments.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】本题问下列关于自然主义的反对者的描述哪项是正确的。由关键词“those who reject naturalism”可定位到第三段。第三段第三句谈到“But，in addition to particular arguments against naturalist tenets or their grounds of belief，some opponents．．believe that there is a general argument…”，这表明他们的论证并不都具有普遍性。故C项“他们对自然主义的反对并不都具有普遍性”正确。请注意“all…not”是部分否定。实际上本选项是典型的反向思维，文中说反对自然主义的人有一些particular的观点，本项说并非所有的反对都是 universal的。两者是一个意思，考生要留意这种出题思路。
[A]他们赞成自然主义所做出的某些否定：“They may have positive arguments for the existence of some of what naturalists deny…”表明他们(反对者)认为自然主义所否认存在的东西是存在的。请注意这里positive是相对于自然主义者所否认的事物，而不是认为自然主义的一些否定是正确的。这说明反对者并不赞成自然主义者所做出的否定。
[B]他们对自然主义的反驳太尖锐了，不能令人信服：第三段“They may have positive arguments…may have what seem to be decisive refutations…for naturalism．”表明反对者的反驳是有说服力的，而且由第四段可知这些反对自然主义的人指出了自然主义自身存在的矛盾。
[D]他们自己的论据中有致命缺陷：是自然主义自身具有致命缺陷，文中并没有谈到那些反对者有致命缺陷。

单选题 In the last paragraph, the author tries to justify his conclusion by
A. reducing to absurdity.
B. making an comparison.
C. giving an example.
D. explaining a phenomenon.

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】本题问作者在末段如何证明他的结论。末段由自然主义者的基本观点出发进行逻辑推理，最后推出其自身固有的矛盾。基本的推理思路是这样的：naturalism正确→human reason是natural forces的结果，又因为 (自然主义认为)natural forces不是rational，故human reason是nonrational，而naturalism是theoretical reason，因此它本身也是nonrational，即值得怀疑。可以看出这是一种归谬法。故A项“归谬”正确。
[B] 作比较：末段谈到“to distrust human reason，especially in its less practical and more theoretical exercises”，这里虽然出现比较级，但仅是论述中的细节，就末段的整体逻辑而言，并不是对两事物进行比较。
[C] 举例、[D]解释现象：末段中既没有举例，也没有解释什么现象。

单选题 The general argument against naturalism focuses on its
A. inherent impracticability.
B. wrong assumption.
C. inner contradiction.
D. illogical reasoning.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】本题问反驳自然主义的一般性观点集中于……。倒数第二段倒数第二句提到“…naturalism is self-destroying”。再看末段是从“if naturalism is true”出发，用自然主义的观点来推导自然主义的谬误。并在最后指出“Thus，if naturalism is true，we have strong reasons to distrust naturalism”，可见前面所说的“self-destroying”指的正是它本身固有的矛盾。故C项“其内在矛盾”正确。 [A]其内在的不实用性：综合末段第三、四句，可知自然主义是“less practical and more theoretical”，这是为了说明自然主义是一种思想上的理论，因此属于“human reason”，故也不值得相信。从而推出自然主义本身的矛盾。可见这只是论证其内在矛盾性时所用到的一个事实，并非焦点所在。
[B] 它的错误假设：末段首句提到自然主义的观点认为这些自然力量不是理性的，这算是自然主义的一个假设，但作者并没有论证这个假设本身是否正确，而是从这个假设往下推理，从而得出自然主义的内在矛盾。
[D] 它不合逻辑的推理：作者并没有对自然主义的推理过程进行分析，而只是以自然主义的一些观点为基础，再按照止常的逻辑推导出其固有的矛盾。