【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】[解析] 24-29
Professor
Culture shock can be an excellent lesson in relative values and in understanding human differences. But why does culture shock occur? That's because we're not prepared for these differences. Because of the way we are taught our culture, we are all ethnocentric. Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own patterns of behavior are best, to be specific, the most natural, beautiful, right or important. When we say one is ethnocentric, it means that his outlook or world view is centered on his own way of life, while, therefore, other people, to the extent that they live differently, live by standards that are inhuman, irrational, unnatural, or wrong.
There's no one in our society who is not ethnocentric to some degree, no matter how liberal and open-minded he or she might claim to be. People will always find some aspect of another culture distasteful, I mean...it may be others' sexual practices, a way of treating friends or relatives, or...simply, a food that they cannot manage to get down with a smile. This is... I should say, not something we should be ashamed of, because it is a natural outcome of growing up in any society. However, as anthropologists who study other cultures, it is something we should constantly be aware of, so that when we're tempted to make value judgments about another way of life, we can look at the situation objectively and take our bias into account.
Ethnocentrism can be seen in many aspects of culture—myths, folktales, proverbs, and even language. For example, in many languages, especially those of non-Western societies, the word used to refer to one's own tribe or ethnic group literally means "mankind" or "human". This implies that members of other groups are less than human. For example, the term Eskimo... is used to refer to groups that inhabit the arctic and sub-arctic regions. However, it is an Indian word used by neighbors of the Eskimos who observed their strange way of life but did not share it. The term means "eaters of raw flesh", as such is an ethnocentric observation about cultural practices that were normal to one group and repulsive to another. On the other hand, if we look at one subgroup among the Alaskan natives, we find them calling themselves Inuit, which means "real people"—they obviously didn't think eating raw flesh was anything out of the ordinary. Here, then, is a contrast between one's own group, which is real, and the rest of the world, which is not so "real". Both terms, Eskimo and Inuit, are equally ethnocentric—one as an observation about differences, the other as a self-evaluation. However, Inuit is now seen as a more appropriate term because of its origin.
Now, shifting from language to myths and folktales, we find a good example of ethnocentrism in the creation myth of the Cherokee Indians. According to this story, the Creator made three clay images of a man and baked them in an oven. In his haste to admire his handwork, he took the first image out of the oven before it was fully baked and found that it was too pale. He waited a while and then removed the second image—it was just right, a full reddish brown hue. He was so pleased with his work that he sat there and admired it, completely forgetting about the third image. Finally he smelled it burning, but by the time he could rescue it from the oven it had already been burnt, and it came out completely black!
OK, let's see food preferences. Food preferences are perhaps the most familiar aspect of ethnocentrism. Every culture has developed preferences for certain kinds of food and drink, and equally strong negative attitudes toward others. Now, can anyone of you give us an example?
Student A As far as I know, in Southeast Asia, the majority of adults do not drink milk, and in China, dog meat is a delicacy.
Professor Well, what if in American culture?
Student B Of course, to many Americans, it's inconceivable that people in other parts of the world do not drink milk, and eating a dog is enough to make most Americans feel sick.
Professor That's it. Certain food preferences also seem natural to us. We usually do not recognize that they're natural only because we have grown up with them; they're quite likely to be unnatural to someone from a different culture. And it is interesting to note that much of ethnocentrism is in our heads and not in our tongues, for something can taste delicious until we are told what it is.
[解析] 本题为要点题，要求考生通过联系听力材料中的关键词汇、词组和事实，对听力材料的重要信息进行综合分析来确定其要点。题目问：教授的演讲主要关于什么主题?综合分析全文，可以总结出本文的主题为民族优越感这一论题，故选择B项。

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 本题为细节题，要求考生能够抓住听力材料中阐述和说明文章论点的事实和细节。题目问：根据教授的解说，一个有民族优越感的人往往会有怎样的想法?A项的意思是文化冲突对来自不同文化的人来说是一堂好课；B项的意思是人们应该对不同文化间的差别有思想准备；C项的意思是自己的本族文化优于所有其他的不同文化；D项的意思是其他民族有着相同的风俗习惯。根据教授对民族优越感这一概念的解释：“When we say one is ethnocentric, it means that his outlook or world view is centered on his own way of life, while, therefore, other people, to the extent that they live differently, live by standards that are inhuman, irrational, unnatural, or wrong(如果一个人有民族优越感，这意味着他的世界观是以他自己的生活方式为中心的，因而，若发现其他人的生活方式与其不同，则认为他们的生活准则是野蛮的、不理性的、不自然的或是错误的)”，则可以认定选项C为正确答案。

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 本题为信息关联题中的内在关系题，要求考生正确理解不同信息之间的内在联系。题目问：为什么教授说因纽特人这一称呼比爱斯基摩人这一称呼更恰当?从这句话“Inuit is now seen as a more appropriate term because of its origin(现在，因纽特人这一称呼因为其来源而被认为更加恰当)”我们知道句中的its origin指的是前文所述的“Alaskan natives, we find them calling themselves Inuit, which means 'real people'”一句中的“real people”，所以因纽特人这一称呼比爱斯基摩人这一称呼更恰当，即选项C为正确答案。

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】[解析] 本题为细节题。题目问：根据北美印第安人(Cherokee Indians)的说法，谁最早为上帝所造?从“he took the first image out of the oven before it was fully baked and found that it was too pale(第一个人像还未烘烤充分，他就把它拿出来了，发现颜色过于苍白)”一句中可 以知选项A为正确答案。

【正确答案】

【答案解析】[解析] 本题为要点多选题，要求考生能够理解并抓住听力材料中有关重要信息。题目问：下面关于食物喜好的论述，哪几项是正确的?A项的意思是民族优越感在食物喜好上体现得最明显；B项的意思是我们往往喜欢熟悉的食物，而不喜欢不太了解的食物；C项的意思是我们发现一些属于其他文化的食物令人反感，这是因为我们的胃消化不了这些食物；D项的意思是有时候，当我们知道自己吃的是什么时，美味的食物也会令人恶心。综合上述，不难发现选项A、B、D均为正确答案。

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】[解析] 本题为语用理解题，要求考生根据所听材料和前后语境判断说话者的主观立场。从“when we're tempted to make value judgments about another way of life，we can look at the situation objectively and take our bias into account(当我们有兴趣对其他生活方式进行价值判断时，我们就能客观地看待某一情况，并考虑我们是否存有偏见)”一句，可推断教授对民族优越感所持的态度是宽容的，故选项D为正确答案。