单选题
Early intelligence tests were not without their
critics. Many enduring concerns were first raised by the influential
journalist Walter Lippman, in a series of published debates with Lewis Terman,
of Stanford University, the father of IQ testing in America. Lippman
pointed out the superficiality of the questions, their possible cultural biases,
and the risks of trying to determine a person's intellectual potential with a
brief oral or paper-and-pencil measure. Perhaps surprisingly,
the conceptualization of intelligence did not advance much in the decades
following Terman's pioneering contributions. Intelligence tests came to be seen,
rightly or wrongly, as primarily a tool for selecting people to fill academic or
vocational niches. In one of the most famous -- if irritating -- remarks about
intelligence testing, the influential Harvard psychologist E. G. Boring
declared, "intelligence is what the tests test." So long as these tests did what
they were supposed to do(that is, give some indication of school success), it
did not seem necessary or prudent to probe too deeply into their meaning or to
explore alternative views of the human intellect. Psychologists
who study intelligence have argued chiefly about two questions. The first: Is
intelligence singular, or does it consist of various more or less independent
intellectual faculties? The purists -- ranging from {{U}}the
turn-of-the-century{{/U}} English psychologist Charles Spearman to his latter-day
disciples Richard J. Herrntein and Charles Murray -- defend the notion of a
single overarching "g", or general intelligence. The pluralists -- ranging from
L. L. Thurstone, of the University of Chicago, who posited seven vectors of the
mind, to J. P. Guilford, of the University of Southern California, who discerned
150 factors of the intellect-construe intelligence as composed of some or even
many dissociable components. The public is more interested in
the second question: Is intelligence (or are intelligences) largely inherited.'?
This is by and large a Western question. In the Confucian societies of East Asia
individual differences in endowment are assumed to be modest, and differences in
achievement are thought to be due largely to effort. In the West, however, many
students of the subject sympathize with the view -- defended within psychology
by Lewis Terman, among others -- that intelligence is inborn and one can do
little to alter one's intellectual birthright. Studies of
identical twins reared apart provide surprisingly strong support for the
"heritability" of psychometric intelligence. That is, if one wants to predict
someone's score on an intelligence test, the scores of the biological parents
(even if the child has not had appreciable contact with them) are more likely to
prove relevant than the scores of the adoptive parents. By the same token,
the IQs of identical twins are more similar than the IQs of fraternal twins.
And, contrary to common sense, the IQs of biologically related people grow
closer in the later years of life.
单选题
Paragraph 1 of this passage suggests that ______.
A. intelligence tests are criticized by many people
B. Walter Lippman is an influential journalist
C. Lewis Terman of Stanford University is the father of IQ testing in
America
D. Walter Lippman suspects the authenticity of IQ testing