Questions 81 to 90 are based on the following passage.
【真题来源：2017年12月大学英语四级真题（第一套）Part Ⅲ，Section B，第36-45题】
Do In-Class Exams Make Students Study Harder?
Research suggests they may study more broadly for the unexpected rather than search for answers.
A) I have always been a poor test-taker. So it may seem rather strange that I have returned to college to finish the degree I left undone some four decades ago. I am making my way through Columbia University, surrounded by students who quickly supply the verbal answer while I am still processing the question.
B) Since there is no way for me to avoid exams, I am currently questioning what kind are the most taxing and ultimately beneficial. I have already sweated through numerous in-class midterms and finals, and now I have a professor who issues take-home ones. I was excited when I learned this, figuring I had a full week to do the research, read the texts, and write it all up. In fact, I was still rewriting my midterm the morning it was due. To say I had lost the thread is putting it mildly.
C) As I was suffering through my week of anxiety, overthinking the material and guessing my grasp of it, I did some of my own polling among students and professors. David Eisenbach, who teaches a popular class on U.S. presidents at Columbia, prefers the in-class variety. He believes students ultimately learn more and encourages them to form study groups. ―That way they socialize over history outside the class, which wouldn't happen without the pressure of an in-class exam, he explained, ―Furthermore, in-class exams force students to learn how to perform under pressure, and essential work skill.
D) He also says there is less chance of cheating with the in-class variety. In 2012, 125 students at Harvard were caught up in a scandal when it was discovered they had cheated on a take-home exam for a class entitled ―Introduction To Congress. Some colleges have what they call an ―honor code, though if you are smart enough to get into these schools, you are either smart enough to get around any codes or hopefully, too ethical to consider doing so. As I sat blocked and clueless for two solid days, I momentarily wondered if I couldn't just call an expert on the subject matter which I was tackling, or someone who took the class previously, to get me going.
E) Following the Harvard scandal, Mary Miller, the former dean of students at Yale, made an impassioned appeal to her school's professors to refrain from take-hone exams. Students risk health and well being, as well as performance in other end-of-term work, when faculty offers take-home exams without clear, time-limited boundaries,she told me. Research now shows that regular quizzes, short essays, and other assignments over the course of a term better enhance learning and retention.
F) Most college professors agree the kind of exam they choose largely depends on the subject. A quantitative-based one, for example, is unlikely to be sent home, where one could ask their older brothers and sisters to help. Vocational-type classes, such as computer science or journalism, on the other hand, are often more research-oriented and lend themselves to take-home testing. Chris Koch, who teaches ―History of Broadcast Journalism‖ at Montgomery Community College in Rockville, Maryland,points out that reporting is about investigation rather than the memorization of minute details. In my field, it's not what you know—it's what you know how to find out,‖ says Koch. There is way too much information, and more coming all the time, for anyone to remember. I want my students to search out the answers to questions by using all the resources available to them.
G) Students' test-form preferences vary, too, often depending on the subject and course difficulty. ―I prefer take-home essays because it is then really about the writing, so you have time to edit and do more research, says Elizabeth Dresser, a junior at Barnard. Then there is the stress factor. Francesca Haass, a senior at Middlebury, says, I find the in-class ones are more stressful in the short term, but there is immediate relief as you swallow information like mad, and then you get to forget it all. Take-homes require thoughtful engagement which can lead to longer term stress as there is never a moment when the time is up. Meanwhile, Olivia Rubin, a sophomore at Emory, says she hardly even considers take-homes true exams. If you understand the material and have the ability to articulate (说出) your thoughts, they should be a breeze.
H) How students ultimately handle stress may depend on their personal test-taking abilities. There are people who always wait until the last minute, and make it much harder than it needs to be. And then there those who, not knowing what questions are coming at them, and having no resources to refer to, can freeze. And then there are we rare folks who fit both those descriptions.
I) Yes, my advanced age must factor into the equation (等式), in part because of my inability to access the information as quickly. As another returning student at Columbia, Kate Marber, told me, We are learning not only all this information, but essentially how to learn again. Our fellow students have just come out of high school. A lot has changed since we were last in school.
J) If nothing else, the situation has given my college son and me something to share, When I asked his opinion on this matter, he responded, I like in-class exams because the time is already reserved, as opposed to using my free time at home to work on a test, he responded. It seems to me that a compromise would be receiving the exam questions a day or two in advance, and then doing the actual test in class the ticking clock overhead.
K) Better yet, how about what one Hunter College professor reportedly did recently for her final exam: She encouraged the class not to stress or even study, promising that, It is going to be a piece of cake. When the students came in, sharpened pencils in hand, there was not a blue book in sight. Rather, they saw a large chocolate cake and they each were given a slice.
Elderly students find it hard to keep up with the rapid changes in education.
注意抓住题干中的关键信息Elderly students和keep up with the rapid changes in education。文中论及上了年纪的学生很难跟上教育的快速变化的内容出现在I段，该段作者提到，我的高龄必须被考虑进来，部分原因是我无法快速获取信息。然后引用另一个重回哥伦比亚大学的学生凯特·马柏尔的话:“我们不仅在学习所有这些信息，而且从本质上说还在学习如何再次学习。我们的同学刚刚从高中毕业。自从我们辍学以来，情况已经发生了很大变化。”由此可知，题干是对原文的概括总结，即上了年纪的学生发现很难跟上教育的快速变化。其中Elderly对应原文中的advanced age，the rapid changes in education对应原文中a lot has changed since we were last in school，故答案为I。
Some believe take-home exams may affect students' performance in other courses.
注意抓住题千中的关键信息take-home exams和affect students' performance in other courses。文中论及一些人认为带回家的考试可能会影响学生在其他课程中的表现的内容出现在E段，该段前两句提到，继哈佛大学的丑闻之后，耶鲁大学的前教导主任玛丽·米勒向学校的教授们发出了强烈的呼吁，要求他们不要安排可以带回家的考试，随后引述了玛丽·米勒的话:“当老师们安排那种没有明确时间限制的可以带回家的考试时，学生们不仅面临着健康的风险，还会影响他们在其他期末作业中的表现。”由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，即一些人认为，带回家的考试可能会影响学生们在其他课程中的表现。其中take-home exams属于原词重现，affect students' performance in other courses对应原文中的Students risk health and well being, as well as performance in other end-of-term work，故答案为E。
Certain professors believe in-class exams are ultimately more helpful to students.
注意抓住题干中的关键信息Certain professors和in-class exams are ultimately more helpful to students。文中段落论及某些教授对随堂考试是否有助于学生的看法的内容出现在C段，该段第二句至段尾提到，戴维·艾森巴赫在哥伦比亚大学教授一门关于美国总统的热门课程，他更喜欢随堂类考试。他认为学生们最终会学到更多的东西，并鼓励他们成立学习小组。“这样一来，他们就会在课堂以外的时间交流历史，如果没有随堂考试的压力，这种情况就不会发生。”他解释说，“此外，随堂考试迫使学生学习如何在压力下行事，这是一项基本的工作技能。”由此可见，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为C。其中Certain professors对应原文中的David Eisenbach，而believe in-class exams are ultimately more helpful to students对应原文中的三处信息：He believes students ultimately learn more, socialize over history outside the class, force students to learn how to perform under pressure。
In-class exams are believed to discourage cheating in exams.
注意抓住题干中的关键信息In-class exams和discourage cheating in exams。文中段落论及随堂考试被认为可以阻止考试作弊的内容出现在D段，该段第一句提到，他（戴维·艾森巴赫）还说，有了随堂类考试，作弊的可能性更小。由此可见，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为D。其中In-class exams对应原文中的in-class variety，而discourage cheating in exams对应原文中的there is less chance of cheating。
The author was happy to learn she could do some exams at home.
注意抓住题干中的关键信息The author was happy和she could do some exams at home。文中段落论及作者很高兴地得知她可以在家进行一些考试的内容出现在B段。该段第二句和第三句提到，我已经经历了无数次的随堂期中考试和期末考试，而现在我有一个教授，他安排的考试类型是带回家的。当我得知这一消息的时候，我很兴奋，因为我觉得我可以有整整一周的时间来做研究，阅读文章，然后把它写完。由此可见，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为B。其中The author was happy对应原文中的l was excited，she could do some exams at home对应原文中的I have a professor who issues take-home oneso
Students who put off their work until the last moment often find the exams more difficult than they actually are.
注意抓住题干中的关键信息put off their work until the last moment和find the exams more difficult than they actually are。文中段落论及那些把任务推迟到最后一刻的学生往往发现考试比实际情况更难的内容出现在H段，该段第一句和第二句提到，学生最终如何处理考试可能取决于他们个人的应试能力。有些人总是等到最后一分钟才会去做，这使得考试比实际情况更加困难。由此可见，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为H，其中Students who put off their work until the last moment对应原文中的There are people who always wait until the last minute，而find the exams more difficult than they actually are对应原文中的make it much harder than it needs to be。
Different students may prefer different types of exams.
注意抓住题干中的关键信息Different students和prefer different types of exams。文中段落谈到不同的学生可能偏爱不同类型的考试的内容出现在G段，该段第一句提到，学生们对于考试形式的偏好也有所不同，这通常取决于科目和课程难度。由此可见，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为G。其中Different students may prefer different types of exams对应原文中的Students' test-form preferences vary, too。
Most professors agree whether to give an in-class or a take-home exam depends on type of course being taught.
注意抓住题千中的关键信息Most professors agree和whether to give an in-class or a take-home exam depends on the type of course being taught。文中段落论及大多数教授一致认为，给学生安排随堂考试还是带回家的考试取决于所教授的课程类型的内容出现在F段，该段第一句提到，大多数大学教授一致认为，他们所选择的考试类型很大程度上取决于他们所教授的科目。由此可见，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为F。其中Most professors agree对应原文中的Most college professors agree，而whether to give an in-class or a take-home exam depends on the type of course being taught对应原文中的the kind of exam they choose largely depends on the subject。
The author dropped out of college some forty years ago.
注意抓住题干中的关键信息The author dropped out of college和some forty years ago。文中段落论及作者在大约四十年前从大学辍学的内容出现在A段，该段第二句提到，我重回大学去完成我大约40年前未完成的学业，看上去可能就非常奇怪了。即作者在大约四十年前从大学辍学。由此可见，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为A。其中The author dropped out of college对应原文中的l have returned to college to finish the degree l left undone，而some forty years ago对应原文中的some four decades ago。
Some students think take-home exams will eat up their free time.
注意抓住题干中的关键信息Some students和take-home exams will eat up their free time。文中段落论及一些学生认为带回家的考试会占用他们的空闲时间的内容出现在J段，该段前两句提到，如果没有其他的事情，这种情况让我和我读大学的儿子有了一些可以分享的东西。当我问他对这件事的看法时，他回答说:“我喜欢随堂考试，既然时间已经被占用了，就不要占用我在家里的空闲时间来考试。”换言之，一些学生认为带回家的考试会占用他们的空闲时间。由此可见，题干是对原文的概括总结，故答案为J。其中take-home exams will eat up their free time对应原文中的using my free time at home to work on a test。