单选题 Louis Armstrong sang,"When you're smiling, the whole world smiles with you."Romanticseverywhere may besurprised tolearn that psychological research has proven this sentiment to be true-merely seeing a smile(or a frown, for that matter) will activate the muscles in our face that make that expression, even if we are unaware of it. Now, according to a new study in Psychological Science, simply reading certain words may also have the same effect.
PsychologistsFrancescoForonifrom VU University Amsterdamand Gila R. Seminfromthe University of Utrecht conducted two experiments to see if emotion language has an influence on facial muscle activity. In the first experiment, a group of students read a series of emotion verbs(e.g., "to smile,""to cry") and adjectives(e.g.,"funny,""frustrating") on a monitor, while the activity of their zygomatic major(the muscle responsible for smiles) and corrugator supercilii(which causes frowns) muscles were measured.The results showed that reading action verbs activated the corresponding muscles. For example, "to laugh" resulted in activation of the zygomatic major muscle, but did not cause any response in the muscles responsible for frowning. Interestingly, when presented with the emotion adjectives like "funny" or"frustrating" the volunteers demonstrated much lower muscle activation compared to their reactions to emotion verbs. The researchers note that muscle activity is "induced in the reader when reading verbs representing facial expressions of emotion."
Can this natural bodily reaction affect our judgments? In another experiment, volunteers watched a series of cartoons and were unconsciously shown emotion verbs and adjectives after each one. They were then asked to rate how funny they thought the cartoons were. Half of the participants held a pen with their lips, to prevent them from smiling, while the remaining participants did not have their muscle movement blocked. The results reveal that even when emotion verbs are presented unconsciously, they are able to influence judgment-volunteers found cartoons to be funnier when they were preceded by smiling verbs than if they were preceded by frowning-related verbs. However, this effect only occurred in the vohmteers who were able to smile-volunteers who had muscle movement blocked did not show this relationship between emotion verbs and how funny they judged the cartoons as being.
The results of these experiments reveal that simply reading emotion verbs activates specific facial muscles and can influence judgments we make. The researchers note these findings suggest that "language is not merely symbolic, but also somatic," and they conclude that"these experiments provide an important bridge between research on the neurobiological basis of language and related behavioral research."

单选题 Louis Armstrong is cited in first paragraph to

A. provide as a proof that smiles are infectious.
B. introduce the topic to be explored in the text.
C. show merry sentiment usually spreads around.
D. justify the assumption in Psychological Science.

单选题 One is more likely to knit his eyebrows when presented with

A. "to laugh".
B. "to frown".
C. "funny".
D. "frustrating".

单选题 Francesco Foroni and Grin R. Semin have found in their second experiment that

A. simply reading emotion words will activate the muscles in our face.
B. emotion verbs will affect our judgments only when presented unconscionsly.
C. the smiling verbs preceding the cartoons made the cartoons funnier.
D. not all participants fell under the influence of emotion verbs.

单选题 The word "somatic" (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means

A. romantic.
B. influential.
C. physical.
D. behavioral.

单选题 What can we infer from the text?

A. Smile and the world will probably smile back at you.
B. Emotional verbs are more powerful than emotional adjectives.
C. Language is so powerful that it exerts influence on our judgments.
D. Language can bridge neurobiological study and behavioral research.