填空题Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments
into Chinese. "Intelligence" at best is an
assumptive construct—the meaning of the word has never been clear. (21) {{U}}There
is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is
on how to interpret or classify them.{{/U}} But it is generally agreed that a
person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make
distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols
in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child's
capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in
school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance,
manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to—it was not designed
for such purposes. (22) {{U}}To criticize it for such failure is roughly
comparable to criticizing a thermometer, for not measuring wind
velocity.{{/U}} The other thing we have to notice is that the
assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative
affair. (23) {{U}}Now since the assessment of intelligence is a
comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing
our subjects provides an "effective" or "fair" comparison.{{/U}} It is here that
some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at
least three actors: the intention to do one's best, the knowledge required for
understanding what you have to do, and the intellectual ability to do it. (24)
{{U}}The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison
in terms of intelligence is to be made.{{/U}} In school populations in our culture
these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable, and the values of
intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lies, of course, in
its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. No one is in the least
interested in the marks on the test that the child will do better or worse than
other children of his age at tasks which we think require "general
intelligence". (25) {{U}}On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a
certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had
the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared,
and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they
possessed.{{/U}}