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Apache: Native North Americans of the Southwest composed of six culturally related groups. They speak a language that has various dialects.
Historically the Apache are known principally for their fierce fighting qualities. They successfully resisted the advance of Spanish colonization, but the acquisition of horses and new weapons, taken from the Spanish, led to increased intertribal warfare. Relations between the Apache and the white settlers gradually worsened with the passing of Spanish rule in Mexico. By the mid-19th century, when the United States acquired the region from Mexico, Apache lands were in the path of the American westward movement. The futile but strong resistance that lasted until the beginning of the 20th century brought national fame to several of the Apache leaders.
Today the Apache, numbering some 50,000 in 1990, live mainly on reservations totaling over 3 million acres in Arizona and New Mexico and retain many tribal customs. Cattle, timber, tourism, and the development of mineral resources provide income. In 1982 the Apaches won a major Supreme Court test of their right to tax resources extracted from their lands. In 1995, the Mescalero Apache agreed to build a nuclear-waste storage site on their New Mexico reservation. The project is expected to produce about $250 million in income over the 40-year life of the site.
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Blackfoot: They occupied in the early 19th century a large range of territory around the Upper Missouri (above the Yellowstone) and North Saskatchewan rivers west to the Rockies. Their name derives from the fact that they dyed their moccasins black. There were three main tribes. Although they did not form a unified political entity, they were .united in defending their lands and in warfare. The Blackfoot were unremittingly hostile toward neighboring tribes and usually toward white men; intrusions upon Blackfoot lands were efficiently repelled. Prior to the mid-18th century they had moved into the north Great Plains area, acquired horses from southern tribes, and developed a nomadic Plains culture, largely dependent on the buffalo. Their only cultivated crop was tobacco, grown for ceremonial purposes. With the early coming of the white man, the Blackfoot gained wealth from the sale of beaver pelts, but the killing off of the buffalo and the near exhaustion of fur stocks brought them to near starvation. Presently the Blackfoot are mainly ranchers and farmers living on reservations in Montana and Alberta. They continue to a small degree the rich ceremonialism that earlier marked their religion; important rituals include the sun dance and the vision quest. In 1990 there were 38,000 Blackfoot in the United States and over 11,000 in Canada.
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Creek: The Creek formed the Native North American confederacy. They received their name from early white traders because so many of their villages were located at rivers and creeks. They lived primarily in Alabama and Georgia and were settled, agricultural people. There were more than 50 towns, generally called tribes, in the confederacy, which was formed chiefly for protection against the tribes to the north. Certain villages were set aside for war ceremonies, others for peace celebrations. Each had its annual green corn dance. This festival was a time for renewing social ties and was a period of amnesty for criminals, except murderers. The Creek Confederacy was not ruled by a permanent central government. The structure was a combination of democratic and communal principles. Decisions by the national council were not binding on towns or individuals who wished to dissent. Nevertheless, civil strife was almost unknown among them. Private ownership of land was unknown, but crops were privately owned to a degree. Each owner was required to contribute a certain portion for public use.
The Creek impressed the first European explorers (Hernando De Soto saw them in 1540) by their height, their proud bearing, and their love of ornament. In 1990 there were over 45,000 Creek, most of them living in Oklahoma.
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Delaware: In the 17th century, they lived in what are now New Jersey, Delaware, east Pennsylvania, and southeast New York. They called themselves the Lenni-Lenape or the Lenape and were given the name Delaware by the settlers because they lived in the vicinity of the Delaware River. The Delaware evolved into a loose confederacy of three major divisions. They occupied the territory from which most of the Algonquian tribes had originated and were accorded the respectful title of grandfather by these tribes. They traded with the Dutch early in the 17th century, sold much of their land, and began moving inland to the Susquehanna valley. In 1682 they made a treaty of friendship with William Penn, which he did his best to honor.
Some of the Delaware in Pennsylvania had been converted to Christianity by the Moravians. In 1782 a peaceful settlement of Christian Delaware at Gnadenhutten was massacred by a force of white men. By the Treaty of Greenville (1795) they and their allies ceded their lands in Pennsylvania and Ohio. They were later moved to the Indian Territory and settled with the Cherokee. In 1990 there were nearly 10,000 Delaware in the United States, most of them in Oklahoma and Wisconsin. Around 600 Delaware live in Ontario, Canada.
· almost had no intertfibal warfare? 71. ______
· fought fiercely against the white moving westward? 72. ______
· had some tribal members who had become Christian converts? 73. ______
· built some villages for ceremonial or celebrative purposes? 74. ______
· has some of their people living in Canada? 75. ______
76. ______
· has won the right to levy tax on natural resources taken from its lands? 77. ______
· used to lead a nomadic life but now are mainly farmers and ranchers? 78. ______
· was a confederacy built on democratic and communal principles? 79. ______
· was the name for many tribes united in defending their lands and in warfare? 80. ______