单选题 UNICEF, Malnutrition and Micronutrients UNICEF has continued to be at the forefront of advocacy and support for the importation of program to combat child malnutrition. A condition for designing effective program to fight malnutrition is understanding the causes of the problem and recognizing how complex they are. Micronutrients IODINE(碘): some of the most rapid and important progress in UNICEF programs is in the area of salt iodization. The strategy of universal salt iodization(USI)has been widely accepted in all regions, and the goal of USI by end-1995 has been met in virtually all of Latin America and in many countries in other regions. During the year, a number of countries with a high prevalence of fording deficiency in which salt iodization was previously thought to be virtually impossible, such as Pakistan and Indonesia, started to iodize at least half of all salt reaching consumers. To achieve this, UNICEF officers supported a range of innovative and flexible approaches, for example, the establishment of an "Iodized Salt Support Facility" in Pakistan, to provide training, supplies and quality control to the 800 or so small salt crushers in the country. Enormous progress was seen not only in getting iodine into salt but also in the promulgation of laws to give teeth to monitoring and quality control efforts. UNICEF, WHO and the International Council for the Control of Iodine Disorders(ICCID)sponsored a forum in 1995 to consider the iodine and monitoring challenges faced by countries in which salt is brought to market by many small producers rather than larger enterprises. A technical monograph on practical ways of monitoring salt iodization programs was developed jointly with WHO, ICCID and PAMM and widely distributed. Many UNICEF country programs are monitoring household availability of iodine salt, utilizing a simple test kit, as part of the Multi-Indicator Cluster Surveys being undertaken to assess progress in meeting the goals of the World Summit. VITAMIN A: WHO-UNICEF estimates now indicate that over 250 million children still suffer from vitamin A deficiency(VAD)with many million more at risk. The known effects of VAD on the immune system and thus on child mortality make this a high-priority challenge for UNICEF. In 1995 , UNICEF supported surveys of vitamin A status that resulted in widespread deficiency being recognized for the first time in Egypt, South Africa, Kenya and Botswana. With support from the Micronutrient Initiative in Canada, UNICEF launched projects in 14 countries that will enable innovation in systems of distribution of vitamin A supplements and improvements in monitoring the mortality and morbidity impact of supplementation. A number of countries are building on the successful experience of Guatemala in fortification of sugar with vitamin A. Bolivia and Brazil both launched sugar fortification with vitamin A on a pilot basis in 1995. In Namibia and South Africa, the feasibility of fortifying maize meal with vitamin A is being considered. UNICEF supports dietary diversification and the consumption of appropriate fruits and vegetables as one of the most potentially sustainable ways for communities to overcome micronutrient malnutrition. Research completed in 1995 with UNICEF assistance pointed to the need to pay further attention to the types of vegetables grown and the type of cooking in order to maximize the impact of home gardening on the vitamin A status of children. In Bangladesh, UNICEF is collaborating with Helen Keller International to assess the impact of a large home gardening project on the vitamin A status of mothers and young children. This information should help to ensure that future programs of this type are designed in the most cost-effective way. IRON: The statement on strategies for reducing iron deficiency anemia, developed and adopted by WHO and UNICEF in 1995, calls for general supplementation with iron in any population of pregnant women or young children where the prevalence of anemia exceeds 30%. The results of research trials investigating the impact on anemia of weekly iron supplements have started, to become available. Weekly iron or iron and vitamin A supplements now appear to be a feasible intervention to combat iron deficiency anemia on a population basis in some vulnerable groups. UNICEF supported a meeting, jointly with the Thrasher Research Fund and Cornell University, to explore ways of increasing the micronutrient content of foods commonly consumed in countries where micronutrient malnutrition is common. Plant breeders, soil scientist and human nutritionists met to consider the problem and agreed that the micronutrient content of foods had been neglected in the breeding of high yielding(green revolution)varieties of cereals such as rice. With the realization of tremendous importance of the micronutrient content of staple food crops to human development, plant breeders agreed that future breeding work should take micronutrient goals into account. The participants also called for research in other priority areas to exploit the potential food-based systems, including the development of programs and policies that influence the choices of consumers and producers to increase the supply and consumption of micronutrient-rich foods. Complete the sentences using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in the corresponding places on your answer sheet.

问答题 UNICEF had expected to accomplish the target of______by the end of 1995.

问答题 ______are thought to be unlikely to reach the goal of salt iodization program.

问答题 In Pakistan and Indonesia's countryside salt is supplied through the channel of ______.

问答题 UNICEF experts believe______proves to be the most cost-effective way in combating VAD.

问答题 Children suffer most from VAD because evidence shows their______is affected.

问答题 Pregnant women and young children are______to suffer iron deficiency anemia.

问答题 ______is partly responsible for the lack of micronutrient content in foods.

单选题 In which country or area was an Iodized Salt Support Facility established?

单选题 What common food has vitamin A added to?

单选题 In what aspect of the green revolution was micronutrient content not taken fully into account?