单选题 Cardiologists divide us into two types, according to how our personality affects our heart. Type A individuals are highly competitive, innately hostile, fast eating and rapid talking, whilst B types drown in the milk of human kindness and are sublimely indifferent to the passage of time. It is an uncomfortable fact that A"s die twice as frequently from heart disease as B"s even when the risks of cigarettes, alcohol and cream buns are taken into account.
Personality is to a large extent genetically endowed—A-type parents usually beget A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
One place where children soak up A traits is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the "win at all costs" ethic and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current mania for making Children compete against their peers or against the clock produces a two-tier system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B type fellows. Addiction to winning can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after croaking: "Rejoice, we conquer!"
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are dubious enough, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B"s. The world needs both types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child"s personality to his possible future employment. It is a fallacy, for instance, that people successful in business are full of competitive zeal; there are many B types in top management.
If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the earing professions, especially medicine could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity, altruism and compassion. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. B"s are important and should be encouraged.

单选题 According to cardiologists Type A individuals are usually ______.

单选题 Children develop into Type A rather than Type B individuals because of ______.

单选题 What feature of schools does the author criticize?

单选题 What is particularly harmful about examinations?

单选题 Entrants to the medical profession at present are selected on the basis of their ______.