单选题 Students of the great society, looking at mankind in the long perspective of history, have frequently been disposed to seek an explanation of existing cultural differences among races and peoples in some single dominating cause or condition. One school of thought has found that explanation in climate and in the physical environment. Another school has sought an explanation of divergent cultures in the innate qualities of races biologically inherited. These two theories have this in common, namely, that they both conceive civilization and society to be the result of evolutionary processes—processes by which man has acquired new inheritable traits—rather than processes by which new relations have been established between men.
In contrast to both of these, there is the catastrophic theory of civilization. From this point of view, climate and innate racial traits, important as they may have been in the evolution of races, have been of only minor influence in creating existing cultural differences. In fact, races and cultures, so far from being in any sense identical—or even the products of similar conditions and forces—are perhaps to be set over against one another as contrast effects, the results of antagonistic tendencies, so that civilization may be said to flourish at the expense of racial differences rather than to be conserved by them. At any rate, if it is true that races are the products of isolation and inbreeding, it is just as certain that civilization, on the other hand, is a consequence of contact and communication. The forces which have been decisive in the history of mankind are those which have brought men together in fruitful competition, conflict, and cooperation.
Among the most important of these influences have been—according to what I have called the catastrophic theory of progress-migration and the incidental collisions, conflicts, and fusions of people and culture which they have occasioned. "Every advance in culture," says Bucher, in his Industrial Evolution, "commences, so to speak, with a new period of wandering," and in support of this thesis he points out that the earlier forms of trade were migratory, that the first industries to free themselves from the household husbandry and become independent occupations were carried on itinerantly. "The great founders of religion, the earliest poets and philosophers, the musicians and actors of past epochs, are all great wanderers. Even today, do not the inventor, the preacher of a new doctrine, and the virtuoso travel from place to place in search of adherents and admirers—notwithstanding the immense recent development in the means of communicating information?"
The influences on migrations have not been limited, of course, by the changes which they have effected in existing cultures. In the long run, they have determined the racial characteristics of historical peoples. "The whole teaching of ethnology," as Griffith Taylor remarks, "Show that peoples of mixed race are the rule and not the exceptions. " Every nation, upon examination, turns out to have been a more or less successful melting-pot. To this constant sifting of races and peoples, human geographers have given the title "the historical movement," because, as Miss Semple says, "it underlies most written history and constitutes the major part of unwritten history, especially that of savage and nomadic tribes. "
Changes in race do inevitably follow changes in culture. The movements and mingling of peoples which bring rapid, sudden, and often catastrophic changes in customs and habits are followed, in the course of time, as a result of interbreeding, by corresponding modifications in temperament and physique. There has probably never been an instance where races have lived together in the intimate contacts which a common economy enforces in which racial contiguity has not produced racial hybrids. However, changes in racial characteristics and in cultural traits proceed at very different rates, and it is notorious that cultural changes are not consolidated and transmitted biologically.
Comprehension Questions.

单选题 What does the author believe to be the greatest influence on culture resulting in greater cultural diversity?
A. Geographic factors. B. Biological differences.
C. Evolution. D. Cross-cultural communication.

单选题 According to the article, human civilization and culture flourished because of ______.
A. trade and the need for economic progress
B. religious indoctrination of a people
C. hostility between races
D. civilizations' diverse philosophies

单选题 In the article, the author defines his notion of "the catastrophic theory of progress". Which of the following can be inferred to be an example of this theory?
A. Roman imperialism and the assimilation of peoples into the Roman Empire.
B. The study of astrology and its cultural implications.
C. The Mayan practice of ritual sacrifice.
D. The Women's Liberation Movement in America.

单选题 The author describes the first forms of independent occupation as being ______.
A. carried out for the purpose of trade and cultural exchange
B. migratory and uninhibited by domestic incumbencies
C. encouraged by autocrats to increase a civilization's wealth
D. superfluous to a civilization's cultural impact

单选题 What historical significance does the article place on ethnicity and acculturation?
A. Historically ethic independence has been negated by the encroachment of other cultures.
B. Historically globalization has destroyed cultural autonomy.
C. Historically cultural isolation has succumbed to multiracialism and multiculturalism.
D. Historically acculturation resulted from the expansion of civilization.