单选题 It's well established that smoking cigarettes, especially large quantities of them, is bad for your health. But a new study shows the risk exists even with a minimal amount of smoking. Just one cigarette a day can increase the likelihood of cardiovascular (心血管的) disease. Researchers from University College London found that having a single cigarette each day raises the risk of coronary heart disease or stroke. 'No safe level of smoking exists for cardiovascular disease,' the authors conclude in their paper published Wednesday in BMJ.
The team analyzed 141 previously published studies conducted between 1946 and 2015, which included data from millions of men and women. They specifically looked at the cardiovascular effects of people who smoked one, five or twenty cigarettes per day compared to those who had never smoked. When adjusting for confounding factors, such as age and blood pressure, they found that men who smoked one cigarette per day had a 74-percent higher risk of heart disease than non-smokers and a 30-percent higher risk of stroke. Among women, the risk of heart disease among one-per-day smokers was increased by 119 percent and the risk of stroke by 46 percent compared to non-smokers.
'There's a misconception by many smokers that if you cut down you will reduce harm,' Allan Hackshaw, a study co-author and epidemiology professor at University College London, told Newsweek. 'This seems to be true for lung cancer, but people aren't aware that only a little bit of tobacco smoke has a big effect on the cardiovascular system.'
Although light smoking can negatively affect your health, cutting down is still helpful. 'I think a lot of people who work in the tobacco and the health industry right now forget how difficult it is to quit,' Hackshaw said. 'Going cold turkey is hard.' Hackshaw suggests finding an appropriate cessation (中止) method to help cut back. But he also emphasizes that the end goal should be to quit.
One in every three deaths from cardiovascular disease is caused by smoking, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Understanding the role of minimal smoking in this risk could help reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease.
Hackshaw and his colleagues hope their findings will be used to 'strengthen public health campaigns (including those on smoking cessation services) and to provide a strong health incentive for smokers to quit (particularly women), rather than cut down,' they wrote in their paper.

单选题 What do we know about the minimal amount of smoking from the first paragraph?______

A、 Its negative effects haven't been recognized.
B、 It makes many people get addicted to smoking.
C、 It can be a contributor to cardiovascular disease.
D、 It can be roughly seen as the safe level of smoking.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】由题干中的minimal amount of smoking和the first paragraph定位到首段第二句。细节辨认题。定位句明确指出，吸烟量很小也存在风险。接下来的一句又指出，每天只抽一支香烟也会增加患心血管疾病的可能性。这与选项C所述的意思一致，故答案为C。 [参考译文] 众所周知，吸烟，尤其是大量吸烟，对健康是有害的。但是一项新的研究显示，即使吸烟量很小也存在风险。每天只抽一支香烟也会增加患心血管疾病的可能性。伦敦大学学院的研究人员发现，每天抽一支香烟会增加患冠心病或中风的风险。在周三发表于《英国医学杂志》(BMJ)的论文中，作者们总结道：“对于心血管疾病来说，安全的吸烟量是不存在的。” 研究小组分析了在1946年至2015年间进行的之前已发表的141项研究，其中包括数百万名男性和女性的数据。他们专门关注了那些每天吸一支、五支或二十支烟的人的心血管效应，并将其与那些从不吸烟的人相比。在调整一些诸如年龄和血压等混淆因素的时候，他们发现每天吸一支烟的男性患心脏病的风险比不吸烟者高74%，患中风的风险高30%。在女性中，与不吸烟者相比，每天一支烟的吸烟者患心脏病的风险增加了119%，患中风的风险增加了46%。艾伦·海克肖是伦敦大学学院的研究合著者，同时也是该学院的一名流行病学教授。他在《新闻周刊》中说：“许多吸烟者有一种误解，他们认为减少了吸烟量就是减少了伤害。对于肺癌来说这似乎是正确的，但人们并不知道即使一点点烟草烟雾对心血管系统也有很大的影响。” 尽管少量吸烟会对健康产生负面影响，但减少吸烟仍然有用。海克肖说：“我认为现在很多从事烟草行业和健康行业的人都忘记了戒烟的难度。断然戒掉坏习惯是很难的。”海克肖建议寻找一个适当的戒烟方法，以帮助减少吸烟。但他也强调，最终的目标应该是戒烟。根据疾病控制和预防中心的数据，每3例心血管疾病死亡事件中就有1例是由吸烟引起的。了解少量吸烟在这一风险中所起到的作用有助于降低心血管疾病的发病率。海克肖和他的同事们希望他们的研究结果将被用来“加强公共卫生运动(包括那些戒烟服务运动)，并为吸烟者(特别是女性)戒烟提供强有力的健康激励，而不只是让他们减少吸烟，”他们在论文中写道。

单选题 What did the team find after analyzing 141 previously published studies?______

A、 Passive smoking posed a significant threat to non-smokers.
B、 Men were more vulnerable to the harm of smoking.
C、 Smoking women were at much higher risk of heart disease and stroke than smoking men.
D、 Age and blood pressure were less likely to affect heart disease.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】由题干中的141 previously published studies定位到文章第二段第一句。推理判断题。定位句指出，研究小组分析了141项研究的数据。之后的内容就是对具体数据的介绍和分析：与不吸烟者相比，女性吸烟者患心脏病和中风的风险增加的百分比数据都要大于男性。由此可以推断出，女性吸烟者患这两种病的风险高于男性吸烟者，故答案为C。

单选题 What's the misconception held by many smokers according to Allan Hackshaw?______

A、 Smoking won't lead to cardiovascular damage.
B、 Harm can decrease as soon as one reduces smoking.
C、 There is little significance in cutting down on smoking.
D、 Reducing smoking helps in the treatment of lung cancer.

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】由题干中的misconception和Allan Hackshaw定位到第三段第一句。细节辨认题。定位句引用艾伦·海克肖的话，指出许多吸烟者有一种误解：减少了吸烟量就是减少了伤害。这与选项B所述一致，故答案为B。

单选题 What does the underlined sentence 'Going cold turkey is hard' mean in the passage?______

A、 It is far from easy to form good habits.
B、 Self-discipline is extremely challenging.
C、 Quitting a bad habit is not as hard as it seems.
D、 It is difficult to get rid of bad habits suddenly.

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】由题干中的“Going cold turkey is hard”直接定位到第四段第三句，即原句。语义理解题。在文中找到原句后，应结合上下文语义理解句子的意思。上文表明，现在很多从事烟草行业和健康行业的人都忘记了戒烟的难度。下文则是围绕“建议先减少吸烟，最终戒烟”展开的。选项D“突然戒掉坏习惯是很困难的”符合上下文语义，故答案为D。文中并未提及选项A“养成好习惯很不容易”和选项B“自律是非常有挑战性的”，选项C的意思与上下文相反，故均排除。

单选题 The researchers hope their findings can be used to ______.

A、 encourage smokers to give up smoking
B、 remind smokers about the bad effects of smoking
C、 warn smokers to smoke less for the sake of health
D、 appeal to policy-makers to take preventive measures

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】由题干中的hope their findings和be used to定位到文章最后一段。推理判断题。由定位段可知，研究者希望研究结果将被用来“加强公共卫生运动，并为吸烟者戒烟提供强有力的健康激励，而不只是让他们减少吸烟”。这说明研究者的最终目的是让人们戒烟，并非提醒吸烟者吸烟的危害或是告诫人们减少吸烟，也未提到政策制定者，故答案为A。