【正确答案】正确答案：In the production of vowels, there is no obstruction of air as is the case with consonants. Therefore, the description of the vowels cannot be done along the lines of the description of the consonants. To get out of this problem, vowels are normally described with reference to four basic criteria:(2 points) (1)the height of tongue raising(high,mid,low);(2points) (2)the position of the highest part of the tongue(front,central,back);(2 points) (3)the tenseness or length of the vowel(tense vs. lax or long vs. short);(2 points)(4)lip-rounding(rounded vs. unrounded).(2 points) The external factors that influence the acquisition of the second language mainly include the native language, input, social and situational factors.(1 point) The native language plays a primary role in SLA. Transfer, which is also termed cross-linguistic influence, is defined as "the influence resulting from similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired". Transfer exists in the areas of syntax, morphology, phonology, semantics, pragmatics and the lexicon.(3 points) Language input is the language addressed to the language leiarner by native speakers of the target language. Like transfer, language input is also a linguistic factor that influences the SLA process.(2 points) Social and situational factors may include a change in register or the familiarity of interlocutors. They are unique to each language learner.(1 point) The process of language learning can be very stressful, and the impact of positive or negative attitudes from the surrounding society can be critical. One aspect that has received particular attention is the relationship of gender roles to language achievement. Studies across numerous cultures have shown that women, on the whole, enjoy an advantage over men. Some have proposed that this is linked to gender roles.(1 point)

【答案解析】解析：考查元音描写的标准。发元音时没有类似发辅音时的气流受阻的现象，因此描写元音不能沿用辅音的描写方法。为了解决这个问题，通常依据以下几个原则对元音进行描写：舌抬起的高度(高、中、低)；舌最高部分的位置(前、央、后)；元音的长度或紧度(紧一松或长一短)；唇的圆展度(圆唇一展唇)。