单选题 Louis Armstrong sang, "When you're smiling, the whole world smiles with you." Romantics everywhere may be surprised to learn that psychological research has proven this sentiment to be true--merely seeing a smile (or a frown, for that matter) will acti- vate the muscles in our face that make that expression, even if we are unaware of it. Now, according to a new study in Psychological Science, simply reading certain words may also have the same effect.
Psychologists Francesco Foroni from VU University Amsterdam and Gun R. Semin from the University of Utrecht conducted two experiments to see if emotion language has an influence on facial muscle activity. In the first experiment, a group of students read a series of emotion verbs (e.g., "to smile," "to cry") and adjectives (e.g., "funny," "frustrating") on a monitor, while the activity of their zygomatic major (the muscle responsible for smiles) and corrugator supercilii (which causes frowns) muscles were measured. The results showed that reading action verbs activated the corresponding muscles. For example, "to laugh" resulted in activation of the zygomatic major muscle, but did not cause any response in the muscles responsible for frowning. Interestingly, when presented with the emotion adjectives like "funny" or "frustrating" the volunteers demonstrated much lower muscle activation compared to their reactions to emotion verbs. The researchers note that muscle activity is "induced in the reader when reading verbs representing facial expressions of emotion."
Can this natural bodily reaction affect our judgments? In another experiment, volunteers watched a series of cartoons and were unconsciously shown emotion verbs and adjectives after each one. They were then asked to rate how funny they thought the cartoons were. Half of the participants held a pen with their lips, to prevent them from smiling, while the remaining participants did not have their muscle movement blocked. The results reveal that even when emotion verbs are presented unconsciously, they are able to influence judgment--volun- teers found cartoons to be funnier when they were preceded by smiling verbs than if they were preceded by frowning-related verbs. However, this effect only occurred in the volunteers who were able to smile--volunteers who had muscle movement blocked did not show this relationship between emotion verbs and how funny they judged the cartoons as being.
The results of these experiments reveal that simply reading emotion verbs activates specific facial muscles and can influence judgments we make. The researchers note these findings suggest that "language is not merely symbolic, but also somatic," and they conclude that "these experiments provide an important bridge between research on the neurobiological basis of language and related behavioral research./

单选题 Louis Armstrong is cited in first paragraph to

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】事实细节题，考查引用细节。根据题干定位文章第1段。文章开篇引用Louis Armstrong的歌曲，然后指出心理学研究已经证明他的歌词中所表达的情感传递确实存在，然后再进一步指出有新研究证明仅仅阅读某些词汇也能产生同样的效果，由此可知文章开头引用是为了引出后文的主题，故B项正确。A、C两项都是就事论事，不符合引用题的解题思路——意在言外；D项“论证《心理科学》中的假设”是对文中引用的理解错误。

单选题 One is more likely to knit his eyebrows when presented with

单选题 Francesco Foroni and Gun R. Semin have found in their second experiment that

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】事实细节题。根据题干中the second experiment定位文中第3段。第3段最后一句话讲到：情绪动词影响对漫画有趣程度的判断这一作用仅发生在能够微笑的志愿者身上，而那些肌肉活动受限制的志愿者并没有表现出上述联系，由此可知D项“并不是所有的试验参与者都受到了情绪动词的影响”正确；A项是他们在第一个实验中发现的结果，排除；B项only一词错误，与原文中的even理解有出入；C项是对原文的误解，因为原文是说展示的“微笑”词汇会影响人们对漫画有趣程度的判断，而并不是说展示的“微笑”词汇使漫画本身有趣，故排除。