单选题 .  It is perhaps unsurprising that Indonesia produces more marine plastic pollution than any other country since the world's biggest archipelago is also its fourth most populous. Limited income and cash flow means that poorer communities rely on cheap single-use plastics like bags, water cups and shampoo sachets. Waste management systems are rudimentary and each year millions of tons of trash ends up in waterways and eventually the ocean.
    Last year Indonesia pledged USMYM1 billion to cut its marine waste by 70% by 2025. The country will have to tackle the issue on multiple fronts if this ambitious target is to be met. Besides changing consumer habits and improving waste management infrastructure, industry needs to move away from single-use plastics and quickly introduce and scale up biodegradable alternatives.
    This is where seaweed comes in. Indonesia's seaweed production is increasing by an estimated 30% a year. Indonesia is also the world's biggest producer of red seaweed, a variety that's ideal for creating bio-plastics and packaging.
    Currently, most bio-plastics derive from terrestrial sources related to the food industry, including corn, sugarcane and cassava. However, according to Bakti Berlyanto Sedayu, a researcher with the Indonesian Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, seaweed is a far more sustainable alternative.
    Sedayu says that land-based bio-plastics require huge investments in land, risking the kind of catastrophic deforestation we're seeing with palm oil. They also use fertilizers and pesticides and are not always as biodegradable as they're touted to be. By contrast, seaweed is cheap to produce as it is cultivated offshore, grows quickly and doesn't require fresh water or chemicals to grow successfully. Seaweed beds are also natural carbon sinks, de-acidifying water.
    Conditions in Indonesia are ideal for seaweed farming—the sun shines more or less year round and there are more than 34,000 miles of coastline. And as pressure on fish stocks continues to increase, coastal populations are turning to aquaculture as an alternative. Sedayu believes it could take just five to ten years to bring the production of bio-plastics up to an industrial scale—though this would require careful management.
    Having signed up to the UN Clean Seas campaign, which is targeting both production and consumption of single-use plastics, the Indonesian government will now need to develop legal frameworks at national and regional levels to provide a foundation for new supply chains, effective waste management and community engagement. Pledges need now to be backed by concerted, concrete action.21.  The author recommends all of the following measures for Indonesia to cut marine waste EXCEPT ______.