问答题 There is a lot of difference between the East and the West when it comes to leadership and authority. In the West, leadership often tends to be task-focused and straightforward. East Asian managers, however, tend to focus more on determining who is awarded a role or task. In the East, the personal relationship often determines who gets to do what. In the traditional East Asian culture, the boss is all-powerful and the organizational hierarchy is a critical element of managing an organization or business. As a boss, you are expected to know all the answers and be the source of clear direction. In the East, people expect the boss to instruct and lead at all times, and staff will wait for that instruction and thus be heavily dependent on the boss. This means that people lower down the organization tend to take less initiative and ownership. This is a behavior that might be viewed by some Western managers as avoiding responsibility. Titles are also very important. First names are not appropriate and people use formal titles to address the boss, thus formality and respect must be observed. As many people might already know, managing conflict in public or at open meetings is largely avoided in the East. In East Asia, losing face is a major taboo. It is viewed as something quite shameful. Addressing difficult problems at an open meeting that results in someone being criticized is a big mistake. That is not to say that East Asian managers do not have conflicts with each other. Rather they will deal with any conflicts in private and in a confidential manner. At open meetings, East Asian managers are likely to be indirect and reserved. They will handle differences in a soft and circuitous way. In the West you tend to be quite happy to address problems at an open forum. It is often viewed as a positive experience. Conflict is often dealt with in an open and direct way, that is, where problems occur, they are frequently dealt with head on.

【正确答案】一谈到领导和权威，东西方之间的差异是多方面的。在西方，领导权通常是以任务为中心的，而且直截了当。而东亚的经理更注重的是决定谁是否胜任某项工作和任务。在东方，个人关系往往会决定谁能够做什么事情。在东亚的传统文化里，公司老板掌握着全部的权力，组织等级是管理一个组织或公司的关键因素。公司的老板必须无所不知并能够随时指明方向。员工总是期待老板的指示和领导，因此也过多地依赖他们的老板。这意味着处于公司下层的人员一般较少采取主动，缺乏主人翁的精神。这种行为在西方经理的眼里就是逃避责任。头衔也显得很重要，称呼老板的名是不得体的，员工必须使用正式的头衔来称呼他们的老板，始终要注意规矩和表现出尊敬。许多人都知道，东方人一般回避在公共场合或在公开会议上处理冲突和矛盾。丢面子在东亚是一个大禁忌，丢面子被认为是很可耻的事情。在公开会议上发难而引起对某人的批评被认为是一大失误。但这并不意味着东亚的经理互相之间就没有冲突，他们处理冲突的方式通常是私下的和秘密的。在公开会议上，东亚的经理说话时总显得矜持和委婉，他们处理矛盾的方式是柔弱迂回的。西方人乐于在公开论坛上诘难，而这种做法通常被认为是一种态度积极的表现。处理冲突的方式都是公开和直接的，问题一出现，通常能马上得到处理。

【答案解析】[解析] 本文是一篇关于中西方管理差异的发言。文章从领导权、老板和员工的关系、处理矛盾和冲突的方式等几个方面讲述了中西方在管理方面存在的差异。本文要求应试者在短时间内记录讲话的核心内容。本文主要是比较中西方管理差异，应试者在记笔记时应该注意分清条理。每一个比较点下面分东、西方进行记录。此外，应试者还需要在较短的时间内，理解、分析、简化或切分长难句，避免从句堆积；对于一些较为生僻的词汇，不能死译、硬译，而应该在理解的基础上意译。 ■基本素质采分点下面的单词、短语是这篇文章考查的基础知识点，涉及惯用表达和相关知识领域的专有名词等，是应试者理解、翻译的关键。 1．leadership 领导 2．authority 权威 3．East Asia 东亚 4．title 头衔 5．taboo 禁忌 ■结构理解采分点下面是本文出现的长难句，要求应试者迅速理解句子大意，分析出句子中所包含的意群，转换成通顺、地道的目的语。在这个转换的过程中，应试者可以采取词类转换、语态转换、语序调整、增删词语、句子切分等翻译技巧。 1．There is a lot of difference between the East and the West when it comes to leadership and authority. 原文句子结构分析如下：1)(主句)存在句+(从句)时间状语从句；2)存在句中的“difference between the East and the West”需要根据汉语表达习惯改变词序，将主体the East and the West提前；在翻译时间状语从句时，应将其提前至主句前面； 2．In the traditional East Asian culture the boss is all-powerful and the organizational hierarchy is a critical element of managing an organization or business. 原句是由and连接的并列句，1)分句1的句子结构分析如下：(主语)the boss+(谓语)is+(表语)all-powerful；2)分句2的句子结构分析如下： (主语)the organizational hierarchy+(谓语)is+(表语)a critical element；处理第一个分句的表语“all-powerful”时，需要进行词类转化，将形容词“all-powerful”转化为名词“全部的权利”。第二个分句中的“of managing an organization or business”应该根据汉语表达习惯提前至表语的前面。 3．This means that people lower down the organization tend to take less initiative and ownership. 原句句子结构分析如下：1)(主语)this+(谓语)means+宾语从句；2)宾语从句的句子结构如下：(主语)people+(谓语)tend to take+(宾语)less initiative and ownership；宾语从句中的lower down the organization是“people”的后置定语，翻译时，应该根据汉语表达习惯提前至“people”前面。处理“initiative”和“ownership”两个抽象词语时，应该通过增词法将其具体化为一种精神。 4．As many people might already know, managing conflict in public or at open meetings is largely avoided in the East. 原句主干分析如下：(主语)managing conflict+(谓语)is avoided；根据句子主干分析，原句中没有宾语，而实际上，谓语动词中的行为施动者隐藏在地点状语“in the East”中，翻译时，应该将被动语态转化为主动语态，动作的施动者在译文中充当主语。 5．Addressing difficult problems at an open meeting that results in someone being criticized is a big mistake. 原句主干分析如下：(主语)addressing difficult problems+(谓语)is+(表语)a mistake。根据汉语表达习惯，翻译时，地点状语“at an open meeting”应该移至句首。 ■言语表达采分点应试者不仅需要从宏观上整体把握原文的结构、意思，还需要从微观上正确理解、表达一些重要短语、单词。 1．personal relationship 个人关系 2．all-powerful 全部权力 3．be heavily dependent on 过多地依赖 4．initiative 主动 5．ownership 主人翁精神 6．losing face 丢面子 7．in private 私下 8．in a confidential manner 秘密的方式 9．in an open and direct way 公开和直接的方式 10．head on 马上