完形填空
Perhaps more than any other profession, science places a premium on being correct. Of course, most scientists make plenty of mistakes 1 the way. Yet not all errors are created equal. Historians have 2 a number of instances in which an incorrect idea proved far more 3 than thousands of others that were trivially mistaken or 4 correct. These are the productive mistakes: errors that 5 on deep, fundamental features of the world around us and 6 further research that leads to major 7 . Mistakes they certainly are. But science would be far worse off without them. Niels Bohr, for example, created a 8 of the atom that was wrong in nearly every way, yet it 9 the quantum-mechanical revolution. 10 enormous skepticism, Alfred Wegener argued 11 centrifugal forces make the continents move (or 'drift') along the surface of the earth. He had the right phenomenon, albeit the wrong 12 . And Enrico Fermi thought that he had created nuclei heavier than uranium, rather than (as we now know) having stumbled 13 nuclear fission. Two other instances of productive mistakes, one from physics in the 1970's and one from biology in the 1940's illustrate this 14 dramatically. The authors of the mistakes were not hapless bumblers who 15 , in retrospect, to get lucky. 16 they steadfastly asked questions that 17 of their colleagues broached and 18 ideas that not many at the time had considered. In the process, they 19 the critical groundwork for today's burgeoning fields of biotechnology and quantum information science. They were 20 , and the world should be thankful for their errors.
单选题
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】词组辨析题。along the way意为“沿途,在……的过程中”,by the way意为“顺便说一下,顺便问一下”,in the way意为“妨碍;挡道”,over the way意为“街对面,路对面”。根据上下文可知,空格所在句的大意为:大多数科学家一生中会犯很多的错误。所以,本题选A项。其余几个选项填入后句意不通,故排除。
单选题
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】词汇辨析题。空格处所填词的宾语是a number of instances“大量的例子”。A选项意为“提取出,萃取出”,B选项意为“发掘,采掘出”,C选项意为“确定,查明”,D选项意为“区别,辨别”。四个选项中,符合句意的只有B项,该项能与historians“历史学家”形成语义场共现。填入后句子大意为:历史学家发掘出了大量的例子……因此,正确答案为B选项。
【答案解析】逻辑衔接题。空格所在部分包含在that引导的定语从句中,该定语从句修饰thousands of others“成千上万其他……的观点”。分析该部分的结构词“or”可知,______ correct与其前的trivially mistaken“没有大错的观点”或“只有细小错误的观点”形成进一步解释、表述的关系,即“差一点儿就全对的观点”。因此A选项“实际上,事实上”应排除。B选项意为“几乎不”,可以修饰correct,但放入空格之后,上下文意思不衔接,不能说“一个错误观点被证明比其他成千上万没有大错的观点或者几乎不正确的观点更具有说服力”。同理,C选项“最终,最后”也不正确。由此得知,D选项“差一点儿就,勉强地”为正确答案。
单选题
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】上下文语义题。空格所在部分具体说明了productive mistakes的一些特征。通过分析句子结构可知,errors that ______ on deep,fundamental features of the world around us为一个完整的意群,that引导定语从句,修饰errors。所填词需与介词on连用,动作的承受者为deep,fundamental features of the world around us“世界的本质和基本特征”。touch on意为“触及”,填入后该部分意思通顺,也符合上下文文意。A选项意为“固定;确定;集中于”,B选项意为“坚持;继续;等一等”,C选项意为“撞击;敲击(门窗等)”,均不符合文意。因此,D选项为正确答案。
单选题
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】词汇辨析和上下文语义题。由本空前的and可知,______ further research与前面的touch on deep、fundamental features of the world around us并列。联系上下文,能被称为productive的错误,除了“能触及世界的本质和基本特征”,还能______“更进一步的研究”。A选项“支持”有一定的干扰性,但说“错误能支持更进一步的研究”不太合适。B选项意为“升级;提升”,D选项意为“拓展;扩张”,均不符合句意。因此,C选项“促进”为正确答案。
【答案解析】逻辑衔接题。通过分析句子结构可知,本空后面的部分centrifugal forces make the continents move(or 'drift') along the surface of the earth(地心引力使得大陆板块沿着地球表面漂移)为一个完整的句子,而空格前的argued又缺少宾语,由此看出,所填词应为宾语从句的引导词。A选项引导宾语从句时,意为“哪一个”,理解不通,应排除。B选项意为“怎样”,与前面的argued“坚持;认为;主张”放在一起理解不通。C选项引导宾语从句时,只能是从句缺少主语或宾语的情况,而本题的宾语从句是一个完整的句子,所以不能选C项。因此,D选项为本题答案,that引导宾语从句时,在从句中不作任何成分。