阅读理解 The point of the restorationist critique of preservationism is the claim that it rests on an unhealthy dualism that conceives nature and humankind as radically distinct and opposed to each other. Dissatisfaction with dualism has for some time figured prominently in the unhappiness of environmentalists with mainstream industrial society. However, the writings of the restorationists themselves―particularly, William Jordan and Frederick Turner―offer little evidence to support this accusation. In their view, preservationists are filled with the same basic mind-set as the industrial mainstream, the only difference being that the latter ranks humans over nature while the former elevates nature over humans. While it is perhaps puzzling that Jordan and Turner do not see that there is no logic that requires dualism as a philosophical basis for preservation, more puzzling is the sharpness and ruthlessness of their attack on preservationists, reinforced by the fact that they offer little, if any, criticism of those who have robbed the natural world. 　　The crucial question, however, about the restorationist outlook has to do with the degree to which the restorationist program is itself faithful to the first principle of restoration: that nature and humanity are fundamentally united rather than separate. Rejecting the old domination model, which sees humans as over nature, restoration theory supports a model of community participation. Yet some of the descriptions that Jordan and Turner give of what restorationists are actually up to--for example , Turner''s description of humans as "the lords of creation", or Jordan''s statement that "the fate and well being of the biosphere depend ultimately on us and our relationship with it"--are not consistent well with the community-participation model. 　　Another holistic model―namely, that of nature as an organism―might be more serviceable to the restorationists. As with the community model, the "organic" model pictures nature as a system of interconnected parts. A fundamental difference, however, is that in an organism the parts are wholly useful to the life of the organism. If we could think of the biosphere as a single living organism and could identify humans with the brain (or the DNA), or control center, we would have a model that more closely fits the restorationists'' view. 　　However, to consider humans as the control center of the living earth is to attribute to them a dominating role in nature. Is this significantly different from the old-fashioned domination model? In both systems humans hold the place of highest authority and power in the world. Also neither view recognizes any limits to the scope and range of reasonable human manipulation in the world. This does not mean that there are no restrictions, only beneficial manipulation should be undertaken. But it does not mean that nothing is off-limits. A further parallel is that, because the fate of the world rests on humans, they must have a clear idea of what needs to be done. There are also important differences between the two theories. For example, restorationists no longer view the world in the old dominationist way as a passive object. And though both assign to humans a controlling role in the world, dominationists conceive this in terms of conquest while restorationists conceive it in terms of healing. Also, restorationists insist that the ideas which must serve to guide our work in the world are drawn not solely from a consideration of human needs and purposes but from an understanding of the biosphere; as a result, they are more conscious than dominationists of our capacity to human nature.

单选题 The author would probably agree that preservationists

单选题 Which of the following best expresses the function of the first paragraph in relation to the text as a whole?

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】此题要求说明第1段在整篇文章中所起的作用。通读全文可知，文章由批驳restorationist对preservationism的批评人手，进而以主要篇幅分析了restorationist的主张和理论及其与dominationist(统治／支配主义者／的)实际相似处(parallel)，即认为人类是自然界的统治核心。它们的区别在于：关于人类对自然界的作用，统治主义者认为是“征服(conquest)”，恢复主义者则看作是“医治，拯救(healing)”。实际上，此文讨论次要问题作为研讨主要问题的序幕，故C最为恰当。A项“为后面关于人类在自然界的作用的争论确定parameters(范围)”。B项“确定争论的问题范围，然后进行仔细探讨”。D项“为公众关心的当代问题提供历史背景”。这三项皆不适合此文情况。

单选题 The restorationists and dominationists differ in to all of the following EXCEPT

单选题 In asserting that the organic model might be "more serviceable to the restorationists", the author implies that

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】由题干中引语可知，此题出白第3段，但从选项内容看，要联系到上一段。上段说，恢复主义理论主张一种community participation(共同参与)模式，但其代表物Jordan和Turner却把人类说成是“the lords of creation”(万物主宰)，或“生物界的命运与生存最终取决于我们……。”这显然与生物界共同参与的模式不一致，但与第3段中holistic model(整体主义模式)，即把自然界看作是一个organism (有机体)，更为接近(见第3段末句)。故A项应为正确选择，其中dash with：与……抵触。B项说法与文章内容相悖。C项中的agree with使其背离文意。D项dualist model (二元论模式)不在此段涉及的范围之内。