复合题

Section B

Directions: There are 3 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and put it in the Answer Sheet.

Passage Two

Plenty of research has shown how negative stereotypes can be harmful to individuals. For example, telling girls that boys are typically better at maths seems to make them score worse on maths tests. There is evidence that stereotypes similarly affect the success of people who identify as ethnic minorities.

Efforts to improve diversity in the workplace have been growing, says Jolien van Breen at the University of Exeter, UK, but that doesn’t mean harmful stereotypes have disappeared—expressions of prejudice may have just become more subtle. Van Breen and her colleagues have investigated how harmful this may be to women. The team recruited female volunteers, some of whom strongly identified as feminists, to participate in a number of experiments.

The team also asked each participant how much they identified with traditional concepts of womanhood. Each volunteer then took a maths test and an anagram test. Both featured increasingly difficult questions, ending with an unsolvable problem.

Mathematical ability is typically ascribed to men, while women are generally assumed to be better at language, says van Breen. The volunteers were shown images during the test to subtly remind them of general gender stereotypes. Some of these depicted traditional gender roles, with women shopping or cleaning and men fishing or doing DIY, while others didn’t. The volunteers didn’t know the true purpose of these images—they thought they were part of a third task, in which they had to say whether the images depicted hobbies or chores.

The team found that stereotype images prompted the women who didn’t identify with traditional concepts of being a woman to put more effort into the maths test, spending longer on the difficult and unsolvable questions. “People try to resist stereotyping,” says Jenny Veldman at KU Leuven in Belgium. “If confronted with stereotypes, one way women prove they belong is by distancing themselves from other women, so that they can be seen as an individual.”

In another test, the volunteers were faced with the philosophical thought experiment known as the trolley problem (电车难题): should they sacrifice one person to save the lives of multiple others? The team found that those who identified as feminists were more likely to sacrifice the person if it was a man – but only if they had been exposed to gender stereotyped images.

The results suggest that feminists are keenly aware of gender stereotypes, even when they are presented subliminally (潜意识地), and automatically react to reject them, says van Breen. “Future research will have to see whether these findings can be replicated, and whether they hold in other contexts and among other groups,” says Veldman. 

单选题 We know from the beginning of the passage that ________.
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】根据文章开头“Plenty of research has shown how negative stereotypes can be harmful to individuals. Forexample, telling girls that boys are typically better at maths seems to make them score worse on maths tests”， 大量研究表明， 消极的刻板印象对个人是如何有害的。 例如， 告诉女孩， 男孩通常数学更好， 似乎会让她们在数学考试中得分更低。 由此可知， 负面形象对女孩产生有害影响 
单选题 example, telling girls that boys are typically better at maths seems to make them score worse on maths tests”， 大量研究表明， 消极的刻板印象对个人是如何有害的。 例如， 告诉女孩， 男孩通常数学更好， 似乎会让她们在数学考试中得分更低。 由此可知， 负面形象对女孩产生有害影响 Jolien van Breen and colleagues probe into the issue of negative stereotypes because _________.
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】根据文章第二段“Efforts to improve diversity in the workplace have been growing”和“that doesn’t mean harmful stereotypes have disappeared”， 提高工作场所多样性的努力不断增加； 这并不意味着有害的刻板印象已经消失。 由此可知， 要消除有害的刻板印象还有很长的路要走。
单选题 Which of the following best describes the subjects in Jolien van Breen’s experiment?
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】根据文章第六段“the team found that those who identified as feminists were more likely to sacrifice the person if it was a man – but only if they had been exposed to gender stereotyped images.”， 研究小组发现， 那些认为自己是女权主义者的人， 如果对方是男性， 他们更有可能牺牲对方——但前提是他们接触过性别刻板印象的图片。 由此可知， 一些参与者是女性的坚定支持者。
单选题 The images prepared by the researchers are intended to ________.
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】根据文章第四段“The volunteers were shown images during the test to subtly remind them of general gender stereotypes”， 在测试过程中， 研究人员向志愿者们展示了一些照片， 以巧妙地提醒他们注意一般的性别刻板印象。 由此可知， 研究人员准备的这些图像是为了引导参与者进入刻板印象。
单选题 What can be said of the last two paragraphs?
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】根据文章最后两段中“he team found that those who identified as feminists were more likely to sacrifice the person if it was a man – but only if they had been exposed to gender stereotyped images”， 他的团队发现， 那些认为自己是女权主义者的人， 更有可能在对方是男性的情况下牺牲对方——但前提是他们接触过性别刻板印象。 由此可知， 在面对损失的时候， 女权主义者可能会牺牲男性的利益。