翻译题
莎士比亚时期的戏剧 ——2018年英译汉及详解 Shakespeare' s lifetime was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. (46) By the date of his birth, Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school, organization of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment, and (47) no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might vet bring honor to England. When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public play house was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for schools or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul' s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court. (48) But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time that Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lily, Peele and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kid had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage— where they had paled no part since the death of Euripides. (49) A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouse established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun. The development of the Elizabeth drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blessing, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great career. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50) To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire has survived.
【答案解析】本句考查的重点是：名词短语和of结构。 句子主干为Europe was witnessing…and…tragedy and comedy，其中宾语部分是并列连词and连接的两个名词短语the passing of the religious drama和the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy。第一个名词短语是“A of B”结构；第二个名词短语中介词短语of new forms作定语修饰creation，under the incentive作定语修饰new forms。 介词短语of classical tragedy and comedy作定语修饰incentive，可采用前置法翻译，把这些定语放在所修饰的名词前，即“在古典悲剧和喜剧的推动下”，creation可译为“……的诞生”。第一个名词短语是“A of B”结构，可译为“B的A”，即“宗教戏剧的消亡”。
【答案解析】本句考查的重点是：定语从句和宾语从句。 句子主干为no boy could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature，其中no和ignorant两个否定意义的词形成双重否定，表示肯定，可译为“所有人都知道……”。who引导定语从句，修饰boy；that引导宾语从句，修饰ignorant；which gave glory…and might yet bring…England是定语从句，修饰a form of literature。 宾语从句that the drama was a form of literature顺译即可，译为“戏剧是文学的一种形式”。who went to grammar school是定语从句，修饰no boy，比较简短，可放在boy之前翻译。which引导的从句较长，可放在名词之后独立成句来译，可将which译为“这种形式”。
【答案解析】本句考查的重点是：并列句和介词短语。 该句是并列句，主干是but the professional companies prospered and university men were quick to turn to these theaters，由and连接的两个小分句构成。 介词短语in their permanent theaters跟在动词后作地点状语，修饰prospered，放在该动词之前翻译。介词短语with literary ambitions作定语，修饰university men，可采用前置法，放在该名词之前翻译。介词短语offering a means of livelihood作定语，修饰these theaters，同样可采用前置法，放在其前翻译，即“提供一种谋生手段的这些剧院”，但考虑到这里主语是“大学生”，为了汉语译文主语一致且表达更通顺，可将其意译为“将其视为一种谋生手段”。
【答案解析】本句考查的重点是：并列句和独立主格结构。 该句是并列句，主干是A native literary drama had been created，and at least some of its great traditions had been begun，由and连接的两个分句构成。 独立主格结构its alliance with the public playhouses established在句中作结果状语，说明当地文学戏剧创造出来之后的结果。本句还考查了被动结构的翻译，因为汉语中较少使用被动，多用主动语态表达，因此翻译时可以采用去掉“被”字的方法以及将“被”字替换成其他词如“受到、得到、得以”的方法来表达，故had been created可译为“诞生了”，被动含义的established译为“得以确立”，had been begun译为“得以开始”，与前面的some of its great traditions连在一起即为“一些伟大传统得以开始”，很明显意义不完整，需要增译“传承”。
【答案解析】本句考查的重点是：宾语从句和定语从句。 本句主干是we must remember further that…and that…no author of note，其中宾语部分是and连接的两个that引导的宾语从句。 定语从句whose entire work has survived，修饰author of note，从句比较简短，可放在author of note的前面去译，即“完整作品留存下来的著名作者”，则第二个that引导的宾语从句译为“可能也没有完整作品留存下来的著名作者”，但这样汉语译文中定语部分较长，不够通顺简洁，可按照汉语习惯译为“可能著名作者也没有完整的作品保留下来”。to realize how great the dramatic activity was位于句首，作目的状语，仍可放在句首翻译，how理解为“多么”。