For
some time in the past it has been widely accepted that babies, and other
creatures learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards": and there
is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it also used to be widely believed
that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related
to such basic physiological(生理的) "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a
baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not
otherwise. It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will
learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except
the successful outcome. Papousek began his studies by using milk
in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some
simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he
noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would
still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he
began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was
provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months old would
learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a
display of lights, and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex
turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even
to make three turns to one side. Papousek's light display was
placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation
that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights close, although they
would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it
was not primarily the sight of the lights that pleased them, it was the success
they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that
there existed a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and brought it
under intentional control.
单选题
According to the author, babies learn to do things which______.
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】[解析] 本题考查考生对全文主旨的把握。考的是婴儿通常学做哪类事情。这类问题的答案一般在文章的开头。文章第一段指出过去被人们普遍接受的理论：婴儿和其他生物学做事情是为某些特定的“回报”，而且这种有效的回报，至少在早期，必定是与基本生理“驱动力”直接相关，比如口渴或者饥饿。换句话说，婴儿会为食物、饮料或某种身体上的舒适而学习，不会是为其他。第二段作者便明确提出自己的观点：婴儿学习某种行为，是为了获取成功，而不是为了“回报”。It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome. 选项A和D文中未曾提及，选项B与作者观点相矛盾。所以，正确答案是C。
单选题
Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby______.
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】[解析] 本题考查考生对细节的把握。考的是婴儿何时会做出反应。文章第三段第三句话提供了明确的答案：Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. 选项A指出：他们在看到牛奶时会做出学会的动作。这与文章第三段第三句话矛盾。选项C指出：在有牛奶时他们可以继续简单的动作，这与文章第三段最后一句话矛盾，最后一句话He quickly found that children as young as four months old would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on” a display of lights and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result，for instance，two left or two right，or even to make three turns to one side. 指出没有牛奶时，他们也能做出相当复杂的动作。选项D指出：他们在喝饱时会把头左右转动。这也与文章第三段最后一句话矛盾，所以正确答案是B。
单选题
In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to______.
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】[解析] 本题考查考生对细节的把握。考的是婴儿做出学会的头部动作是为了什么。本题的线索在文章第三段最后一句话：He quickly found that children as young as four months old would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on” a display of lights. 可见，婴儿做出学会的头部动作是为了让灯打开。选项C指出：为了得到牛奶回报，与原文不符，因为该实验是在没有牛奶的前提下所做的，选项B让其父母高兴和选项D被表扬文中都未提及。所以，正确答案是A。
单选题
The babies would "smile and bubble" at the lights because______.
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】[解析] 本题考查考生对细节的把握。考的是婴儿会对灯光“微笑并且嘴里咿呀作响”的原因。文章最后一段第一句话：Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. 提供了明确的答案。所以，正确答案是D。
单选题
According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of______.
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】[解析] 本题考查考生对细节的把握。考的是婴儿做成某件事的喜悦反映了什么。文章最后——句话：Papoosek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them，it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem，in mastering the skill and that there existed control a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and brought it under intentional control提供了明确的答案。所以，正确答案是A。