【正确答案】 1、正确答案：Peter Newmark has made important contributions to the study of translation theory, the major one of which is the dichotomy of communicative translation and semantic translation. According to Peter Newmark, these two strategies vary from each other in terms of the following aspects: (1)Semantic translation focuses primarily upon the semantic content of the source text whereas communicative translation focuses essentially on the comprehension and response of receptors. Semantic translation would be more informative but less effective. Communicative translation emphasizes the "force" rather than the content of the message. (2)Semantic translation attempts to render as closely as the semantic and syntactic strctures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original. Communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as closely as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. (3)Semantic translation would be more informative but less effective. Communicative translation must emphasize the "force" rather than the content of the message. A semantic translation is always inferior to its original , since it involves loss of meaning. Communicative translation may gain in force and clarify what it loses in semantic content. The translator is trying in his own language to write a little better than the original, unless he is reproducing the well-established formulae of notes or correspondence. Generally, a communicative translation tends to undertranslate. It uses more generic, hold-all terms to translate difficult passages. It is smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional, conforming to a particular register of language. It is foremost to produce the same impact or effect on SL readers and fulfill the function of TL texts to establish the communication between SL authors and TL readers. A semantic translation tends to overtranslate. It is more complex, more awkward, more detailed, more concentrated. It pursues the thought processes and includes more meanings in its search for one nuance of meaning.