单选题 A child may lean against a doorpost with his or her arms folded. To the onlooker, it may look like a benign posture—however, there may be a victimized child who understands that this is the bully's "shorthand" code of conveying the message: "Hand me your lunch as you walk by me, or else."
Bullying may be expressed in many forms. Boys are generally targeted more than girls. Boys tend to use physical aggression when they bully .by hitting, kicking, and fighting. Girls, on the other hand, more often use exclusionary techniques to bully—a form of aggression often referred to as relational aggression. Girls often start rumors, form cliques to keep certain people out, and ignore other children in attempts to show dominance over another child.
Many children who are victimized fit into one of two types: the passive victim, and the provocative victim. While people often feel bad about passive victims, provocative victims often elicit less compassion from others. Sometimes it appears that the provocative victim has "brought on" his or her own fate—but does any child deserve to be the target of repeated physical or verbal aggression? Why might so-called provocative victims actively participate in being the target of bullying: For example, are their provocative gestures simply a clumsy way of attempting to interact with others? One feels compassion for the inhibited child because he is reserved; a social misfortune in our society, but an aggressive child is given none of this.
The dynamics of the bully/victim relationship need to be understood in a larger context (Pepler, Craig & O'Connell, 1999). It is not only the bully and the victim that is involved in a system of interaction: The bullying context includes multiple levels of the child's social environment. The bully may enlist the help of "henchmen" (those who assist the bully, but often do not have the initiative or leadership to initiate bullying). Also, bystanders (whether actively encouraging the bullying act or passively standing by) play a role in maintaining the pattern of bullying. Even the students who habitually flee the site of a bullying act play a role in maintaining the bully/victim interaction.
In handling the situation, it is important not to focus only on the one or two students that are directly involved, but on the playground and school as a whole. Studies have shown that in order to break down the stability of peer bullying you must initiate change on many levels: Not only in teaching the bullied child how to assert himself or herself and to deflect attacks, but also to raise awareness about the problem of bullying and encourage the school community at large to take a united stance against bullying.

单选题 The purpose of the example presented in the first paragraph is ______.

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】[解析] 例证题；明确指向原文第一段，回原文查看我们发现，在第一段的结尾“Hand me your lunch as you walk by me，or else”对这个例子的实质进行了揭示，我们再结合第二段开头“Bullying may be expressed in many forms”这样的表达就会明白，这里是通过一个具体的例子来引出校园中欺凌事件这样一个话题，结合4个选项，A选项是正确的。其他几个选项也都涉及school bullying这个核心话题，但是B选项所说的definition、C选项所说的criticize和D选项所说的prevalent都在原文中找不到相应的信息，需要排除。

单选题 The word "exclusionary" ( Line 3, Para. 2) can be best explained by ______.

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】[解析] 词义题；在原文的第二段我可以看到，这个词在原文中出现的语言环境是“Girls， on the other hand，more often use exclusionary techniques”，所以要理解这里的exclusionary的含义，我们需要对原文进行分析。“Cirls often start rumors，for cliques to keep certain people out，and ignore other children in attempts to show dominance over another child”就是对exclusionary的解释，另外结合构词的一些基本知识，我们确定这里的exclusionary表达的是“排斥”的意思。比较阅读4个选项，A选项和原文的意思是一致的，是正确答案。

单选题 Which one of the following is true about provocative victims?

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 细节题；归纳全段的大意，作者对于provocative victims是一种客观的评价，A选项所说的“deserve what they get”不符合原文的表达，原文在表示“自找麻烦”(brought on)这一意思的时候，使用了引号，表明作者自己并不赞同这一观点。B选项和原文对于provocative victims的描述恰恰相反，C选项的表述是正确的。D选项把原文的“be the target of…”改变成了“are used to…”，也在意义上和原文有出入。