单选题 .  As parents, we want our children to reach their full academic potential. We read to them, encourage their special talents, and support them when they have problems. If they choose to participate in music or sports, we also help them reach their potential in those areas. These are all good goals.
    There is, however, an even more important goal. It is a goal more difficult than excellence in arithmetic or soccer or the violin. Parents are responsible for providing their children with a moral compass. They need to nurture and treasure goodness in their children. Every child has the capacity to become a good, decent human being. To fulfill this capacity, children need the guidance and support of parents and other adults. Raising good, moral children is the most important job we will have.
    What is a good, decent human being? While we may differ on some details, most would agree that respect for others, kindness and caring, honesty and honor, and a reverence (尊重) for life are key. Good, decent human beings are people with a firm sense of direction and purpose—a moral compass—to guide their lives. Children need our help to develop these characteristics and values.
    While most people try to act with honor and kindness, doing so consistently is difficult and requires lifelong effort. Goodness is not easy for an adult, and it is even more difficult for a child. They do not have the knowledge, experiences, or cognitive skills to understand the impact and consequences of their actions.
    Reinforcement is sometimes an efficient approach to building positive behavior. The child behaves in a desired way and the parents provide reinforcement. The behavior then typically increases in frequency. This approach works for teaching "Please" and "Thank you". The new behavior is maintained, because it helps the child get along in the world.
    Loving, everyday interactions are the beginning of raising moral children. The child who falls and receives adult concern learns how to treat others kindly when they stumble (绊倒). The child who makes a mistake and is encouraged to try again learns how to support others. When parents intercede (调解) graciously for their child, the child can see the basis for friendship. When we treat children with respect and care, we provide a positive model of how to behave. These early experiences establish patterns for their treatment of others.1.  What are adults supposed to do to make children become good, decent human beings? ______
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】 作为父母，我们希望自己的孩子可以将学习方面的潜力完全发挥出来。我们读书给他们听，鼓励他们培养自己的特长，并在他们遇到问题时支持他们。如果他们选择了从事音乐或者体育，我们也会帮他们在那些领域发挥最大潜能。这些都是美好的目标。
   但是，还有一个更重要的目标。这个目标比在算术、足球或小提琴方面取得优异成绩难得多。父母有责任给予孩子一个道德准则。他们需要培养并珍视孩子的美德。每个孩子都有能力成为一个善良、正直的人。要实现这样的能力，孩子需要父母和其他大人的指导与支持。养育出善良、有道德的孩子是我们最重要的工作。
   什么样的人是善良、正直的人呢?也许我们的回答在一些细节上会有所不同，但大部分人都会认为，尊重他人、善良体贴、诚实正直、尊重生活是最重要的品质。善良、正直的人拥有坚定的方向感和目标感，也就是道德准则，来指引着他们的生活。孩子需要我们帮助他们培养出这些品质和价值观。
   虽然大多数人都会尽量表现得正直、友善，但一直这样做很难，需要一生的努力。善良对于成年人来说并不容易，对孩子来说就更加困难。他们没有相关的知识、经历以及认知能力来理解自己的行为可能产生的影响和后果。
   有时，强化是培养积极行为的有效方法。当孩子的表现符合期望时，父母就给予强化。之后，这种表现通常会越来越频繁。这个办法适用于教孩子说“请”和“谢谢”。因为它帮助孩子应对这个世界，所以这种新的行为就被保留了下来。
   爱和每天的互动是培养有道德的孩子的开端。在跌倒后得到大人关心的孩子学会了当别人绊倒时如何友善地对待他们。在犯错时被父母鼓励再试一次的孩子学会了如何去支持他人。当父母为孩子友善地调解矛盾时，孩子会明白友谊的基础。当我们尊重并关爱孩子时，我们为他们树立了该如何表现的积极榜样。这些早期的经历决定了他们今后对待他人的模式。
   【议论文：家长如何将孩子培养成为善良、正直的人】
   第1段：介绍家长的美好目标。
   第2段：提出论点——家长最重要的目标是将孩子培养为善良、正直的人。
   第3段：具体说明善良、正直的人需要具备的品质。
   第4段：善良、正直对孩子来说更为困难。
   第5段：强化是培养积极行为的有效方法。
   第6段：爱和互动在培养孩子成为有道德的人的过程中的作用
   根据题干中的good和decent human beings首先将答案定位到第三段。
   本题问的是家长怎么做才能让孩子成为善良、正直的人。读完第三段可知，这段主要讲的是什么样的人是善良、正直的人，并没有提到家长要如何做，因此答案要在下文中找。直到第五段文章才提到，强化是培养积极行为的有效方法。D项所说的“在每日互动中强化积极行为”与原文意思一致，故为正确答案。其他三项均出现在第一段，而第一段还没有进入文章主题，故排除。