翻译题
We would all appreciate a healthy work-life balance, but even those of us who try to relax outside the office are frustrated by the gentle chime of email at all hours. To our delight and horror, smart-phones and tablets have given us the flexibility to respond to work from anywhere, practically becoming one of the family. 【F1】Entrepreneurs and executives are known for a round-the-clock devotion to work, in contrast to the four-day-weekgurus, but what toll does availability take for those whose jobs require it? A recent study links extended work availability with decreased calmness, mood, and energy levels. 【F2】By looking at industries from technical services to nursing, the study evaluated the effects of being on-call—that is, not at work, but being expected to remain available by phone for questions or customer requests. Participants marked lower moods the morning after being on-call compared to mornings after days when they were not required to be available, which the researchers believe occurs because readiness to respond makes it harder to recover from work. The possibility alone hindered recovery from work. These results were strengthened by an association between psychology and physiology. Cortisol (皮质醇 ) is a stress hormone, and changes in Cortisol levels are associated with health problems. 【F3】While hunter-gatherers probably found these changes useful in preparing for predator attacks, today's consensus is that the unavoidable daily stressors of modern life change Cortisol levels in ways more harmful than helpful. Some secrets to avoiding the damages of daily stress lie in the variation between people. In this study, there was wide variation in the effects on the participants. Some people experienced none at all. What accounts for this? That question has led to research in recent years on the flip side of stress, resilience. 【F4】The body's response to stress is so complicated that looking at the people who cope well with stress may give more straightforward coping strategies than working from molecular scratch. Given the present knowledge of stress's long-term effects on our health, we have two options to consider. We can reduce job stress or maximize recovery afterwards. 【F5】But so long as we are jumping to answer the phone when work calls, there is little chance of either happening. As eminent stress researcher Robert Sapolsky noted in a talk at UC Berkeley, not all stress is harmful, but duration is key. "Good stress is transient—it's not for nothing that you don't have roller coaster rides going for three weeks."
【答案解析】①本句是并列复合句。分句1谓语be known for．．．意为“因……而出名，以……著称”，该分句将以a round-the-dock devotion to work著称的Entrepreneurs and executives“企业家和主管”与一周只工作4天的人做对比；round-the-clock意为“全天的，不分昼夜的”，in contrast to意为“和……形成对照”；four-day-weekgurus为合成名词，guru可表示“专家，权威；古鲁(印度教的宗师或领袖)”，此处与拼命工作的企业家和主管作对比，可理解为工作较为轻松和不需要那么拼命的“领导们”。②分句2以but为连接词，表明与分句1存在转折关系；but之后是以what为疑问代词的特殊疑问句；availability可表示“有用性，可用性”，在此相当于a round-the-clock devotion to work的复述，可理解为“全天候工作”或“随时待命工作”；定语从句修饰those，句末的it指代分句2中的availability，即a round-the-clock…to work。
【答案解析】①此句虽然较长，但结构不算特别复杂。句子主干为主谓宾结构，宾语后接介词结构作其后置定语，补充说明研究评估的是being on-call的影响，being on-call由be on call转变而来，意思是“待命，随叫随到”；句首的By…为方式状语，说明the study开展评估的方式；industries from technical services to nursing表示“从技术服务到看护等行业”。②破折号后的内容是对being on-call的解释说明，that is意为“就是说，换言之”；not…but…表示“不是……而是……”，引出平行结构。
【答案解析】①本句是复合句，句首为while引导的让步状语从句，主句为主系表结构，表语由that引导的从句充当。②让步状语从句中，found these changes useful为“find sth a.”结构，其中的形容词作宾语的补足语，起补充说明的作用，in preparing for predator attacks可理解为“在应对食肉动物袭击方面”。③表语从句中，stressors可视为stress的派生词，表示“应激物，压力源”；方式状语in ways more harmful than helpful中的比较结构more harmful than helpful为修饰ways的后置定语。
【答案解析】①本句是复合句。句中包含so…that引出的结果状语从句，so…that意为“如此……以至于……”。②结果状语从句中包含比较结构，将looking at the people…“观察人们……”与working from molecular scratch“从分子层面研究”作对比；who引导定语从句修饰先行词people，说明这类人的特点；cope well with…表示“很好地处理某事”。
问答题20.【F5】
【正确答案】但是只要我们还是立刻起来去接响起的工作电话，以上任何一种情况发生的几率都很渺茫。
【答案解析】①此句为包含条件状语从句的主从复合句，主句为there be结构引出的简单句，of either happening作后置定语修饰主句主语litte chance。②句首的But表明本句与上句为转折关系；so long as引导条件状语从句，该从句本身还包含when引导的时间状语从句；jump to表示“赶快，立即”；either“两者中任一的”，此处表示前一句提到的reduce job stress or maximize recovery afterwards“减少工作压力或在工作结束后最大限度地恢复”中的任意一者。