阅读理解　　　 Archaeological discoveries have led some scholars to believe that the first Mesopotamian 　　　 inventors of writing may have been a people the later Babylonians called Subarians. According to 　　　 tradition, they came from the north and moved into Uruk in the south. By about 3100B.C, They 　　　 Were apparently subjugated in southern Mesopotamia by the Sumerians, whose name became (5) 　synonymous with the region immediately north of the Persian Gulf, in the fertile lower valleys of 　　　 the Tigris and Euphrates. Here the Sumerians were already well established by the year 3000B.C. 　　　 They had invented bronze, an alloy that could be cast in molds, out of which they made tools and 　　　 weapons. They lived in cities, and they had begun to acquire and use capital. Perhaps most 　　　 important, the Sumerians adapted writing (probably from the Subarians) into a flexible tool of (10)　 communication. 　　　 Archacologists have known about the Sumerians for over 150 years. Archacologists working at 　　　 Nineveh in northern Mesopotamia in the mid-nineteenth century found many inscribed clay tablets. 　　　 Some they could decipher because the language was a Semitic one (Akkadian), on which scholars 　　　 had already been working for a generation. But other tablets were inscribed in another language (15)　 that was not Semitic and previously unknown. Because these inscriptions mad reference to the 　　　 king of Summer and Akkad, a scholar suggested that the mew language be called Sumerian. 　　　 But it was not until the 1890''s that archaeologists excavating in city-states well to the south of 　　　 Nieveh found many thousands of tablets inscribed in Sumerian only. Because the Akkadians 　　　 thought of Sumerian as a classical language (as ancient Greek and Latin are considered today), (20)　 they taught it to educated persons and they inscribed vocabulary, translation exercised, and other 　　　 study aids on tablets. Working from known Akkadian to previously unknown Sumerian, scholars 　　　 since the 1890''s have learned how to read the Sumerian language moderately well. Vast quantities 　　　 of tablets in Sumerian have been unearthed during the intervening years from numerous sites.