单选题 Every minute of every day, what ecologist James Carlton calls a global "conveyor belt" redistributes ocean organisms. It's a planet wide biological disruption that scientists have barely begun to understand.
Dr. Carlton—an oceanographer at Williams College in Williamstown, Mass. —explains that, at any given moment, "there are several thousand [marine] species [traveling].., in the ballast water of ships. " These creatures move from coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infamous invasion of fish destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels.
Such voracious invaders at least make their presence known. What concerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignly—or even beneficially—join the local scene. But some will make trouble.
In one sense, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuries. They have clung to hulls and come along with cargo. What's new is the scale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship—ballast water taken in to provide ship stability—continuously moving around the world...
Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single load can run to hundreds of thousands of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come along tend to be in their larva free floating stage. When discharged in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish, slugs, and many other forms.
Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for the North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would need a clearer view of what is going on.
The continuous shuffling of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the Black Sea. It has destroyed that sea's anchovy fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to western and northern European waters.
The maritime nations that created the biological "conveyor belt" should support a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be clone about it.

单选题 According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organisms are ______.
A. being moved to new environments
B. destroying the planet
C. succumbing to the zebra mussel
D. developing alien characteristics

单选题 Oceanographers are concerned because ______.
A. their knowledge of this phenomenon is limited
B. they believe the oceans are dying
C. they fear an invasion from outer-space
D. they have identified thousands of alien webs

单选题 According to Marine ecologists, transplanted marine species ______.
A. may upset the ecosystems of coastal waters
B. are all compatible with one another
C. can only survive in their home waters
D. sometimes disrupt shipping lanes

单选题 The identified cause of the problem is ______.
A. the rapidity with which larvae mature
B. a common practice of the shipping industry
C. a centuries old species
D. the world wide movement of ocean currents

单选题 The article suggests that a solution to the problem ______.
A. is unlikely to be identified
B. must precede further research
C. is hypothetically easy
D. will limit global shipping